청산도 마을어장의 확장과어업공동체의 적응

Abstract

This study was focused on the changes of local fisheries in Cheong San island and the fishing community’s adaptation. Cheong San island is a half farming half fishing community that runs a traditional seaweed gathering community called “Tong”.“Tong” is a traditional fishing community that shares the local beach area in search of seaweed and evenly distributes the proceeds of their activities. It is unclear when the concept was first established, although it is clear that its roots run deep far into historical records. During the historical times of poor logistics and transportation, local natural seaweed took a major part in the livelihood of the people, and Tongs had an important part in leading the community of fishing villages. Traditionally, the village fishery meant the local intertidal areas where seaweed was gathered. But from the end of the 19th century Jeju Haenyeo started to move towards Cheong San island which introduced the development of subtidal fisheries. The Jeju Haenyeo were allowed to dive without any restrictions for a while and through the 1960s and 70s, there was a total of 300 active Haenyeos and 14 diver boats deployed in the area. Disputes between the Haenyeo and the locals were inevitable since the locals had priority access to fisheries. The subtidal fisheries were not traditionally considered to be a part of the local fishery which had the Haenyeo and the locals independently utilizing them. With the establishment of fishing laws however, a more comprehensive understanding between the two groups started to appear. At first, only the Jeju Haenyeo businesses and Haenyeos developed subtidal fisheries and monopolized the market, but by the end of the 1960’s locals started to enter into the market. Even until then, submerged fisheries were still only used by parts of Haenyo businesses and Haenyeos and not considered to be a part of the local fishery. The end of the 1970s brought the beginning of cultivating fisheries and as people started to understand the concept of fishing business rights and licensed areas, these fisheries were adopted as a part of the local fishery－however since Haenyeos who had the ability to dive were the only ones who could work on them, the fishing industry started to share the village fisheries by forming a contract with the Haenyeos. As a result, the fishing village fraternities officially started to manage the local fisheries which helped to form a symbiotic relationship between the Tong and the Haenyeo. Tongs started to rapidly depreciate from the end of the 1970s and freediving Haenyeos were operating under a leasing contract, it was not truly included as a part of the local village community. It is widely considered that these events led to the rapid depreciation of the local fisheries, due to the rapid decrease in population from the 1970s, as well as the introduction of cultivating fisheries, the depreciation in value of natural seaweed, a lack in management of free-diving fisheries and the reliance on farming industries rooting from traditional times and its negative effects.