긍정적 정서에 대한 주의편향이 노인의 연합기억에 미치는 효과
Effects of attentional bias for positive emotion on associative memory in old adults
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노년기에는 부정적인 정보보다 긍정적인 정보에 편향을 보이는 긍정성효과(Positivity effect)가 나타난다. 본 연구는 노인에게서 흔히 발견되는 긍정성 효과가 방해자극의 주의획득과 주의유지, 그리고 차후의 연합기억에서 나타나는지를 확인하였다. 지금까지의 선행연구들은 처리목표 혹은 단서로 긍정적 자극을 제시하여 초기의 주의과정에서 긍정성효과를 꾸준히 입증해왔으며, 항목기억에서 긍정성이 미치는 영향을 연구해왔다. 본 연구는 청년(20-25세) 31명과 노인(61-85세) 31명을 대상으로 주의획득과 유지과정을 분리하여 정서적 방해자극에 대한 주의편향을 살펴보고, 차후의 연합기억과제를 실시하여 연합기억에의 효과를 관찰하였다. 실험 결과, 노인은 방해자극의 정서가에 상관없이 초기 주의획득을 보이지 않고, 4초가 지난 후 긍정적 자극에 주의편향을 보였다. 차후의 연합기억검사에서 노인은 부정적 정서와 얼굴의 연합보다 긍정적 정서와의 연합을 더 잘 재인하였다. 즉, 노인은 주의과정과 차후의 연합기억에서 긍정성효과를 보였다. 본 연구는 시간적 주의 과정을 주의획득과 주의유지로 나누어 노인의 주의편향을 관찰하였고, 차후의 연합기억과제를 통해 연합기억에서의 긍정성효과를 입증한 것에 의의가 있다. 나아가 본 연구결과는 노인에게서 나타나는 긍정성효과의 기제 전반을 이해하는데 도움이 될 것이다.
Abstract
Positivity effect, which is a bias toward positive information rather than negative, appears during old age. Prior studies have demonstrated positivity effects in the initial attention process by presenting positive stimuli with processing goals or clues and have studied the effect of those positivity effects on item memory. The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to investigate whether positivity effects are also found in attentional bias to distractors and 2) to study whether the attentional bias influences a subsequent associative memory task. Both young (aged 20-25 years) and older (aged 61-85 years) adults participated in this study. Older adults showed initial attentional capture effects to the positive distractor after four seconds, confirming the positivity effect in older adults. Further, older adults performed better on the association memory task for happy faces. In sum, this study demonstrated older adults' attentional bias toward positive emotional information by dividing the attention process into attention capture and holding for the first time. Moreover, we found a positivity effect in the subsequent associative memory through incidental learning.
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