아동의 귀납 추론과 범주화의 발달: 심리적 본질주의 관점에서
The Development of Inductive Inference and Categorization: Psychological essentialism in preschool children
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본 연구는 아동들의 귀납 추론과 범주화 과정을 통해 범주 정보인 범주명과 특성, 그리고 시각 정보가 추론 과정에서 차지하는 역할에 대해 알아보고 이를 심리적 본질주의 관점에서 이해하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 범주에서 특성을 추론하는 특성 추론 과제와 특성에서 범주를 추론하는 범주화 과제에서의 수행을 비교하였다. 4세, 5세 아동 71명과 성인 20명을 대상으로 특성 추론과 범주화 과제를 실시한 결과, 인간의 성별, 동물, 인간의 직업, 인공물의 영역 모두에서 범주화 과제보다 특성 추론 과제를 수행할 때 범주 정보를 더 많이 사용하는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 제시된 특성이 익숙한 특성일 경우에는 특성 추론 과제와 범주화 과제 간의 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 또한 특성 추론 과제에서는 자연적 범주와 임의적 범주 간의 차이가 나타나지 않았지만, 범주화 과제에서는 자연적 범주에 비해 임의적 범주에 대해 추론할 때 시각 정보의 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 추론 과제 종류와 범주 종류에 관계없이 연령이 증가할수록 범주 정보를 더 많이 사용하였다. 본 연구 결과는 특성에 비해 범주명의 추론 가능성이 더 높다는 점을 보여주며, 성인과 마찬가지로 어린 아동들도 시각적 유사성보다 범주 정보를 추론 기준으로 더 많이 고려할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of category label, properties and visual appearance on children’s reasoning during inductive inference and categorization. A property inference task and a categorization task were used to examine the effects of category label and properties. The results based on the data collected from 71 4-and 5-year-old children and 20 adults indicated that the participants’ reasoning was more category-based during the property inference task than during the categorization task. However, this tendency was not significant when the properties were highly familiar. Perceptual cues played a strong role in the categorization task when categorizing arbitrary categories compared to natural categories, but this was not the case during the property inference task. The results also showed that older participants tended to use conceptual information (category labels and properties) more than did younger participants, regardless of tasks and domains. These findings indicate that category labels have higher inductive potential compared to properties in human reasoning, and that even young children may consider conceptual information as main information that may override other factors, such as perceptual similarity.
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