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아동의 질문 능력 발달에 영향을 미치는 인지적 요인 및 개입 방안에 대한 개관

A Review of the Effect of Cognitive Abilities and Interventions on the Development of Questioning Abilities in Children

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주제분류심리과학

초록

질문은 지식과 경험이 한정적인 아동들이 정보를 능동적으로 획득할 수 있는 주요 학습 기제이며, 인간 고유의 능력으로 추정된다. 영아기에 가리키기와 같은 비언어적 형태로 나타나던 질문은 생후 1.5년경부터 점차 언어적 형태로 산출되기 시작하며, 아동의 연령이 증가하면서 더욱 정교해진다. 질문을 통해 효율적으로 필요한 정보를 획득하려면 적합한 대상에게 적절한 내용의 질문을 해야 하며 주어진 답변의 유용성을 평가할 수 있어야 한다. 또한 답변을 단순히 수용하는 데 그치지 않고 후속 반응이나 질문을 통해 추가 정보를 획득할 수 있는 책략을 활용할 줄 알아야 한다. 이러한 일련의 과정을 원활히 처리하기 위해서는 여러 기초적인 인지 능력이 요구된다. 본 연구는 질문의 정보 획득 기능(epistemic function)에 초점을 두고 아동의 질문하기 능력 발달 과정을 살펴보았다. 또한 메타인지, 확률 추론, 범주화 능력, 집행기능과 같은 기초 인지 능력이 질문하기에 미치는 영향에 대한 선행 연구를 개관하였다. 마지막으로 아동의 질문 발달을 촉진할 수 있는 개입 방안을 검토하고, 향후 연구에 대해 제언하였다.

Abstract

Questioning is the primary learning mechanism whereby children with limited knowledge actively gather information. As children grow older, their questions become more efficient. To effectively search for information, one must direct appropriate questions to suitable sources and evaluate the informativeness of the answers received. Moreover, individuals should be adept at employing strategies, such as follow-up questions, to acquire additional information. Cognitive abilities are required to navigate these processes. This review presents an overview of prior research on the developmental trajectories of children’s questioning abilities, with emphasis on the epistemic function of questions. The influence of general cognitive abilities - metacognition, probabilistic reasoning, categorization skills, and executive functions - on questioning is also reviewed. Lastly, interventions to enhance children’s questioning abilities are reviewed and areas of future research are suggested.

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