2-3세 아동의 질문 발달
Development of Questioning Behaviors in Two to Three-year-old Korean Children
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구는 한국 아동의 질문 유형 및 내용에 대한 최초의 탐색적 연구로서, CHILDES(The Child Language Data Exchange System; MacWhinney, 2000)에 포함된 세 명의 한국 아동의 2.5세에서 3.5세간의 발화에서 질문 산출의 양상, 같이 대화에 참여한 성인의 답변 양상을 분석하였다. 아동의 질문은 정보 탐색 질문과 비 정보 탐색 질문으로 구분되었으며, 성인의 답변은 설명적인 답변과 비 설명적인 답변으로 구분되었다. 분석 결과 아동들은 성인 양육자와의 상호작용 상황에서 주로 정보 획득을 목적으로 질문하였고, 연령이 증가함에 따라 사건의 원인이나 원리 등에 대해 묻는 질문의 비율도 증가하였다. 아동의 질문에 반응하여 양육자는 설명적인 답변을 설명적이지 않은 답변보다 더 많이 제공하였고, 연령이 증가함에 따라 단순한 답변은 감소하는 반면 비교적 자세한 설명을 제공하는 답변은 증가하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 기존의 서구 아동의 자료와 매우 유사하며, 한국의 아동들도 주로 정보 획득을 목적으로 질문을 사용하고, 성인과의 상호작용에서 질문은 정보를 획득하기 위한 효과적인 전략이 된다는 점을 시사한다.
Abstract
This study is an attempt to explore types of questions produced by Korean preschoolers. Corpora from three children in The Child Language Data Exchange System(CHILDES - MacWhinney, 2000) were analyzed to understand the types of questions asked by 2.5- to 3-year-old children and the answers given by adults. Questions were divided into information seeking and non-information seeking questions. Furthermore, answers of adult caregivers were classified into explanatory and non-explanatory answers. The results show that children ask questions to receive information, and the percentage of explanatory questions increases as they grow older. Adult caregivers provide explanatory answers more often than non-explanatory answers. These results are similar to those obtained from children in the West, suggesting that Korean children use questions as a means of obtaining information, and asking questions is an efficient way of gaining information from adults who can be informants.
참고문헌 (29)
- Mehran Ahmadlou, "A cell type–specific cortico-subcortical brain circuit for investigatory and novelty-seeking behavior", Science, 372(6543) (2021), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)[DOI]
- Katarina Begus, "Infant pointing serves an interrogative function", Developmental Science, 15(5), pp.611~617 (2012), Wiley[DOI]
- Antonio Bova, "Investigating children’s Why-questions: A study comparing argumentative and explanatory function", Discourse Studies, 15(6), pp.713~734 (2013), SAGE Publications[DOI]
- Maureen A. Callanan, "Preschoolers' questions and parents' explanations: Causal thinking in everyday activity", Cognitive Development, 7(2), pp.213~233 (1992), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- Chouinard, M. M, "Children’s Questions: A Mechanism for Cognitive Development", Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 72(1), pp.1~129 (2007)
- Patricia M. Clancy, "A case study in language socialization: Korean wh‐questions", Discourse Processes, 12(2), pp.169~191 (1989), Informa UK Limited[DOI]
- Patricia M. Clancy, "Form and function in the acquisition of Korean wh-questions", Journal of Child Language, 16(2), pp.323~347 (1989), Cambridge University Press (CUP)[DOI]
- Elizabeth Crais, "The Intersection of the Development of Gestures and Intentionality", Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47(3), pp.678~694 (2004), American Speech Language Hearing Association[DOI]
- Christopher D. Erb, "Children’s developing understanding of the relation between variable causal efficacy and mechanistic complexity", Cognition, 129(3), pp.494~500 (2013), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- Brandy N. Frazier, "Preschoolers’ Search for Explanatory Information Within Adult–Child Conversation", Child Development, 80(6), pp.1592~1611 (2009), Wiley[DOI]
- Brandy N. Frazier, "Young Children Prefer and Remember Satisfying Explanations", Journal of Cognition and Development, 17(5), pp.718~736 (2016), Informa UK Limited[DOI]
- Mary Gauvain, "Children’s Questions in Cross-Cultural Perspective", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(7), pp.1148~1165 (2013), SAGE Publications[DOI]
- Gauvain, M., "The questioning child: Insights from psychology and education", pp.183~211 (2020), Cambridge University Press
- Louise Goupil, "Infants ask for help when they know they don’t know", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(13), pp.3492~3496 (2016), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences[DOI]
- Marissa L. Greif, "What Do Children Want to Know About Animals and Artifacts?", Psychological Science, 17(6), pp.455~459 (2006), SAGE Publications[DOI]
- C. Harding, "Reflections on COVID -19 and the potential impact on preterm infant feeding and speech, language and communication development", Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 27(3), pp.220~222 (2021), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- Anne K. Hickling, "The emergence of children's causal explanations and theories: Evidence from everyday conversation.", Developmental Psychology, 37(5), pp.668~683 (2001), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
- Hoff, E., "Language Developmet" (2013), Cengage Learning
- Lois Hood, "What, When, and How about Why: A Longitudinal Study of Early Expressions of Causality", Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 44(6), pp.1~47 (1979), JSTOR[DOI]
- Gregor Kachel, "Toddlers Prefer Adults as Informants: 2‐ and 3‐Year‐Olds’ Use of and Attention to Pointing Gestures From Peer and Adult Partners", Child Development, 92(4), pp.e635~e652 (2021), Wiley[DOI]
- Kartushina, N, "COVID-19 first lockdown as a window into language acquisition : Associations between caregiver-child activities and vocabulary gains", Language Development Research, 2, pp.1~36 (2022)[DOI]
- Yana Kuchirko, "‘What happened next?’: Developmental changes in mothers’ questions to children", Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 16(4), pp.498~521 (2016), SAGE Publications[DOI]
- Katelyn E. Kurkul, "Question, Explanation, Follow‐Up: A Mechanism for Learning From Others?", Child Development, 89(1), pp.280~294 (2017), Wiley[DOI]
- Cristine H. Legare, "Selective effects of explanation on learning during early childhood", Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 126, pp.198~212 (2014), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- MacWhinney, B., "The CHILDES Project: Tools for Analyzing Talk" (2000), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
- Candice M. Mills, "Preschoolers Use Questions as a Tool to Acquire Knowledge From Different Sources", Journal of Cognition and Development, 11(4), pp.533~560 (2010), Informa UK Limited[DOI]
- Candice M. Mills, "“I Want to Know More!”: Children Are Sensitive to Explanation Quality When Exploring New Information", Cognitive Science, 43(1), pp.1~28 (2019), Wiley[DOI]
- Owens, E. R., "Language Development (Lee & Lee)" (2013), Sigmapress
- Caren M. Walker, "Explaining Constrains Causal Learning in Childhood", Child Development, 88(1), pp.229~246 (2016), Wiley[DOI]