타고난 지능의 필요성에 대한 청소년의 믿음과 학문 분야에 따른 성별 분포와의 관계
The relationship between adolescents’ expectations of brilliance and gender distribution across academic disciplines
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여러 사회에서 여성이 이공계(STEM)를 기피하는 현상을 우려하고 있다. 그러나 학문 분야별 성 불균형을 좀 더 자세히 살펴보면 STEM여부와 관계없이 특정 분야에서 여성 박사가 남성 박사보다 적게 배출된다. 이러한 분야별 성 불균형에 대한 한 가지 설명인 영역특정적 능력에 대한 믿음 가설은 성공에 타고난 지능이 필수로 지각되는 분야일수록 여성이 적게 진출할 것을 예측한다. 본 연구는 영역특정적 능력에 대한 믿음의 발달적 궤적을 살펴보고자 한국 고등학생(N = 282)을 대상으로 30개 분야에서 성공하기 위해 타고난 지능이 얼마나 필요하다고 생각하는지 묻는 설문을 실시하였다. 이후 이러한 믿음과 해당 분야의 여성 박사 비율(교육통계서비스) 간의 관계를 알아보았다. 분석 결과, 학생들이 성공에 타고난 지능이 필수적이라고 생각할수록 실제 해당 분야의 여성 박사 비율이 낮았다. 또한, 학생들의 영역특정적 능력에 대한 믿음과 전공 선택 의향 간 관계에 성차가 나타났다. 남학생의 경우, 타고난 지능을 요구한다고 지각된 분야일수록 높은 전공 선택 의향을 보였지만, 여학생은 이러한 관계가 관찰되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 영역특정적 능력에 대한 믿음 가설을 지지한다.
Abstract
Women‘s underrepresentation in STEM fields is a concern in many societies. However, closer inspection of this gender gap reveals a more complex picture, with women achieving parity with men at the Ph.D. level in certain STEM fields, while also being underrepresented in some non-STEM fields. The field-specific ability belief (FAB) hypothesis aims to explain this variability across academic disciplines and suggests that women are underrepresented in fields where raw intelligence is seen as required for success. This study explored the FABs of 282 Korean high school students. We found that the academic fields believed by adolescents to require brilliance are the fields with lower female representation. Moreover, there was a gender difference in how these beliefs were related to students’ interests in majors. Male students were more inclined to choose majors in fields with high FABs, whereas female students were not. These findings support the field-specific ability belief hypothesis.
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