미국의 미취학 아동에 대한 공교육정책: 주립 유아학교 프로그램(State pre-K programs)을 중심으로
Public Preschool Policy in the United States: Focusing on State Pre-K Programs
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초록
미국의 주립 유아학교 프로그램은 주정부(state government)가 지원하는 만 3-4세 유아 대상 공교육 프로그램이다. 미국의 유아 공교육화 움직임을 알아보기 위해서, 주립 유아학교 정책의 확산배경과 현황 및 그간 논의된 정책적 이슈들을 문헌을 통해 고찰하였다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 주립 유아학교 정책의 확산은 1990년대 이후의 급격한 사회변화, 조기 발달 및 환경의 중요성에 대한 연구, “Goals 2000” 교육개혁법안에 유아교육 목표 최초 명시, 주 안팎의 압력 등의 상황을 주정부 차원에서 정책적으로 반영한 결과물이다. 둘째, 현재 50개 주정부 중 6개 주를 제외한 모든 주와 컬럼비아 자치구(Washington, D.C.)에서 주립 유아학교 프로그램을 운영하고 있고, 공립학교뿐 아니라 기존의 지역사회 유아교육기관을 이용하는 경우가 많으며, 저소득층 아동대상 선별적 서비스에서 해당 연령 전체유아에 대한 보편적 서비스로 확대하는 주정부가 늘고 있다. 셋째, 정책전문가들 사이에서는 프로그램의 대상 아동 기준, 교사 자격요건, 운영방식 등에 대한 정책논의가 주로 이루어졌다. 논의에서는 한국의 유아 공교육화 정책에 주는 시사점을 제시한다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the current status of public preschool policy in the United States through a review of literature on state pre-K programs. The focus was on the background of the expansion of the state pre-K programs across the nation, the current implementation status, and related policy issues. The results indicate that (1) growing recognition of the importance of early years, the inclusion of the early childhood goals in the Goals 2000: Educate America Act, and interstate pressures such as regional neighbor adoption of pre-K policies led the states to initiate their own pre-K programs; (2) currently, 44 states (out of 50 states and the District of Columbia) provide 62 state-funded pre-K programs, mostly using a mixed delivery system through public schools and community-based organizations, with a trend toward considering the expansion of services from targeted programs for children from low-income families to universal programs for all children within the state; and (3) policy-related discussions of public pre-K programs were centered on the issues of eligibility criteria (universal vs. targeted), teacher qualifications, and the modes of delivery. Based on these findings, implications for public early childhood education policy and research in Korea are presented.
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