A Study of the Evolution and Strategic Paradoxes of U.S. Armaments Policy in South Asia after World War Ⅱ
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Post-World War Ⅱ, U.S. armaments strategy in South Asia has been shaped by the offshore balancing theory, consistently reflecting the tension between geostrategic expansion and objective of nuclear non-proliferation. Since the Cold War, U.S. Armaments policy in South Asia has evolved through three distinct phases: The United States-Pakistan-Soviet Union era (1945~1990), the India-Pakistan Nuclear Crisis Response (1991~2005), and the U.S.-India alliance (2005~present). This policy has consistently centered on geostrategic interests, utilizing South Asian nations as instruments in the power dynamics. The United States has exhibited double standards regarding nuclear non-proliferation by providing India with a nuclear exception via the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement, thereby undermining the principle of universality of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, while simultaneously enforcing persistent sanctions on Pakistan, thereby inciting a detrimental cycle of nuclear countering nuclear between India and Pakistan. The escalation of arms sales by the United States to India, coupled with the formalization of military exercises, has significantly heightened the arms race within the South Asian region. In its efforts to contain the Soviet Union and counterbalance China, the United States has compromised the integrity of international regulations, revealing the hegemonic rationale underpinning its narrative as a security provider.
Abstract
Post-World War Ⅱ, U.S. armaments strategy in South Asia has been shaped by the offshore balancing theory, consistently reflecting the tension between geostrategic expansion and objective of nuclear non-proliferation. Since the Cold War, U.S. Armaments policy in South Asia has evolved through three distinct phases: The United States-Pakistan-Soviet Union era (1945~1990), the India-Pakistan Nuclear Crisis Response (1991~2005), and the U.S.-India alliance (2005~present). This policy has consistently centered on geostrategic interests, utilizing South Asian nations as instruments in the power dynamics. The United States has exhibited double standards regarding nuclear non-proliferation by providing India with a nuclear exception via the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement, thereby undermining the principle of universality of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, while simultaneously enforcing persistent sanctions on Pakistan, thereby inciting a detrimental cycle of nuclear countering nuclear between India and Pakistan. The escalation of arms sales by the United States to India, coupled with the formalization of military exercises, has significantly heightened the arms race within the South Asian region. In its efforts to contain the Soviet Union and counterbalance China, the United States has compromised the integrity of international regulations, revealing the hegemonic rationale underpinning its narrative as a security provider.