『마하바라따』에서 성전환자 시칸디의 역할과 현대 인도 사회에 끼친 영향
Śikhaṇḍī, a Transgender’s Role in Mahābhārata and Continuing Impact on Modern Indian Society
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초록
『마하바라따』와 같은 서사시나 여기에 관련된 이야기들은 신화 또는 전설로 여겨진다. 서사시의 이야기들은 많은 사람에게 역사적 근거가 없는 상상력의 산물로 취급된다. 하지만 신화는 신봉자들이 그것에 신뢰와 강한 믿음을 부여할 때는 신화이기를 그치고 사실이 된다. 『마하바라따』의 신봉자들은 베다 시대부터 전래 되어온 인도인의 본질적 원칙과 믿음들이 『마하바라따』의 여러 가지 사건이나 이야기들에 녹아들어 전해오고 있다고 믿고 있다. 본 논문의 취지는 『마하바라따』의 이야기 중에서 선과 악의 전쟁으로 대변되는 꾸루끄셰뜨라(Kurukṣetra) 전쟁에서 성전환자인 시칸디(Śikhaṇḍī)가 어떻게 한 개인으로서 전쟁의 승패를 가늠하는 중요한 역할을 하게 되었는지를 보여주며 현대 인도 사회에서 끼치고 있는 그의 영향력을 보여주고자 한다. 종종 인도에서 성 소수자를 지칭할 때 쓰이는 시칸디의 신화가 여전히 인도인의 마음에 존재하면서 영향을 끼치고 있으며, 2019년에 성 소수자의 결혼이 합법이라는 판결을 내리는 데에도 아주 결정적인 역할을 했다. 이런 시칸디가 문학과 영화, 연극과 정치 등에 등장하여 어떻게 계속해서 현대 인도 사회에 영향을 끼치고 있는지를 보여주고자 시도했다.
Abstract
The epics and their various stories are regarded as myths and legends. These stories are supposed by many to be works of imagination with little or no historical basis. However, a myth ceases to be a mere myth when believers add credibility to it with their staunch faith and belief in it. Therefore, believers regard Mahābhārata with its numerous incidents and stories recorded in its pages as an endorsement of principles and beliefs that are essentially Indian since they were conceived and propagated from Vedic times in the sub-continent of India. Among the stories of Mahābhārata, the story of Śikhaṇḍī has received a lot of attention from scholars and people interested in gender studies. It wouldn’t be far fetched to say that the homosexual community in India appear to resonate with the tale of Śikhaṇḍī. The numerous revisions and adaptations of the story in novels, cinemas and plays seem to establish Śikhaṇḍī as a mascot of the 3rd gender of India who had been marginalized since British rule in India and have long been seeking rights equal to that enjoyed by the other two genders. The purpose of the paper is to show how this Panchal princess who though born a woman becomes a man and changes the course of the Kurukshetra war. Śikhaṇḍī's presence neutralizes the invincible Bhishma, renders him inactive, and thus helps the good to vanquish the evil. In ancient India as evident from the epics the transgender people were neither discriminated and nor criminalized as they were by the British in India. The 3rdgender of India who underwent such a drastic change in status in British Colonial era from being an accepted part of society to being objects of ridicule and treated as criminals. The paper also attempts to show - they found validation or justification of their existence as creations of the same divine through tales of Śikhaṇḍī the vanquisher of Bhishma, Arjuna as Brihannala the eunach dance teacher, Lord Vishnu taking the Mohini form. They are now seeking to rectify the situation and regain the lost position and succeeding in doing so.
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