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인도 서사시 전승 속 나가(nāga)의 역할에 대한 일고찰 - 『마하바라타』(Mahābhārata)의 두 설화를 중심으로 -

A Note on the Role of Nāgas in Ancient Indian Epic : especially in the two stories of the Ādi-parvan of the Mahābhārata

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초록

인도 신화에서 뱀 또는 코브라의 특성을 지닌 초인적 존재 나가(nāga)는 다양한 전승 속에서 폭넓은 스펙트럼의 설화들이 산재해 있는 것으로 유명하다. 본래 비아리안 문화 속에서 민간적으로 숭배되던 뱀 신앙은 베다 문헌에 이르러 초인적 존재로서 제압당하는 뱀의 이미지로 나타났다. 『리그베다』(Ṛgveda)의 브리트라(Vṛtra)와 같이 제압의 대상으로서 묘사되었던 뱀 ahi는 후기베다 특히 『샤타파타 브라흐마나』(Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa) 이후 ‘나가’라는 용어를 통해 신성화된 존재로서 자리잡았다. 반신적 존재 나가로서의 전형적 특성이 정립된 서사시 시대에 들어서면 나가는 여러 이야기들 속에서 서사적·신화적으로 중요한 역할을 수행한다. 인도의 대서사시 『마하바라타』(Mahābhārata, 이하 Mbh)는 나가의 탄생을 포함한 다양한 연원 이야기들을 전한다. 특히 갖가지 창조 신화와 더불어 신화적 존재들, 성자, 왕들의 내력이 설해진 제1권 「아디 파르반」(Ādi-parvan)에서는 나가의 탄생과 뱀 희생제에 관한 이야기가 등장한다. 이 이야기들에서 나가 왕 탁샤카(Takṣaka)는 Mbh 전체 틀의 곳곳을 메우는 존재로서 신화적 서사의 씨줄을 구성한다. 한편 「아디 파르반」의 뱀 희생제를 중심으로 탁샤카와 대립구도를 형성하는 자나메자야의 역할은 바라타의 전쟁담과 나가 설화가 합쳐지는 양상을 단적으로 나타내며, 해당 이야기에서 나가들을 구원하는 아스티카(Āstīka) 또한 여러 전승의 교차점을 보여준다. Mbh의 틀을 형성하는 주요 내러티브에 삽입된 이 나가 설화들은 비베다적 고대성을 지니며 민간의 숭배대상이었던 나가가 힌두 주류 판테온에 재배치되면서 서사시 속에서 어떠한 역할을 하는지에 대한 중요한 단서를 제공한다. 이에 따라 본고는 관련 내용에 대해 Mbh, 특히 나가 탄생 비화와 자나메자야 왕의 뱀 희생제를 수록한 「아디 파르반」 중 하위 파르반인 ‘아스티카 파르반’(Āstīka-parvan)에 속한 ‘나가와 가루다의 탄생’, ‘뱀 희생제’ 두 에피소드를 중심으로 고찰한다. 해당 에피소드에 나타나는 나가 설화는 기존의 독립 전승이 서사시 체계에 통합됨으로써 새로운 신화적 위계 속에 도입되는 과정을 보여주는 좋은 일례임을 알 수 있다.

Abstract

This paper examines the role of nāgas, mythical beings with serpentine features, in the Ādi-parvan of the Mahābhārata (Mbh). In the epic period, nāgas were repositioned as semi-divine beings with typical characteristics in the Hindu pantheon, and some narratives depicted them as the subject of immense sacrifice. This paper analyzes two nāga narratives in the Mbh: the birth of the nāga race and Āstīka’s salvation of nāgas from Janamejaya's snake-sacrifice (sarpa-sattra). The first narrative integrates nāgas and Garuḍa, a bird-like creature, into the offsprings of Kaśyapa’s two wives, Kadrū and Vinatā. This depicts them as beings belonging to the same paternal lineage. The subsequent narratives dealing with the conflict between nāgas and Garuḍa, and Garuḍa's theft of amṛta (an elixir of immortality) are also connected to the existing independent mythical elements of the Vedas or Brāhmaṇas. These narratives are situated in a new system through their birth narratives in the epic. Nāgas and Garuḍa play somewhat different roles in the formation of a hierarchy of Hindu mythology centered on Viṣṇu, the supreme deity. Nāgas are depicted as menacing beings that need to be subdued, while Garuḍa attains the status of Viṣṇu's vāhana (vehicle) and establishes a predator-prey relationship with nāgas by making them his food under the grace of Indra, the king of the devas. The difference of the final blessing verses which are placed at the end of each story also indirectly reflects their mythical hierarchy or their roles. The second narrative, which deals with Janamejaya's snake-sacrifice and Āstīka's salvation of nāgas, is closely related to the Mbh's main plot as a frame story. In particular, Takṣaka, the king of nāgas, is one of the significant characters that acts as a link of different narratives and constitutes the core of the mythical narrative. Takṣaka's deeds and status centered on the snake sacrifice are at the intersection of two narratives: the Bhārata war and the tradition of nāgas. Janamejaya, who is in an antagonistic position with Takṣaka and is also one of the key characters of the frame narrative of the Mbh, performs two roles in those nāga stories. One is a descendant of the Bhārata clan and the other is a patron of the snake-sacrifice. By performing these two roles of ‘succession of Bhārata race’ and ‘eliminating threatening enemies’, he demonstrates how two independent traditions are merged in the Mbh's frame narrative. At this point, nāgas are regarded as having represented authority before the Bhārata story's appearance and, moreover, are configured as threatening enemies to be vastly sacrificed. Āstīka, on the other hand, who is configured as a savior of the nāga clan, was born between a Brahmin sage and a maiden of the nāga clan. This symbolically represents the combination of Veda and non-Veda traditions. In conclusion, Mbh's nāga narratives in Ādi-parvan can be cited as a good example of how independent traditions were incorporated into the epic and found their place in the mythological structure of the new system.

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