<바세> 5종 필사본에 보이는 ‘김 화상 기록’ 비교 연구
A Comparative Study on the ‘Kim hwashang Records’ in the five manuscripts of dBa’ bzhed
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<바세>는 8세기 중ㆍ후반 토번에 불교가 확산되는 과정을 체계적으로 기록한 중요한 문헌이다. ‘언제 누가 편찬했는지’에 대해서는 정확하게 알려지지 않았지만 후대의 많은 티베트 역사서들이 인용할 정도로 유명하다. 티베트 고대사를 연구할 때 반드시 검토해야 될 사서(史書) 가운데 한 권이기도 하다. 8세기 토번불교가 어떻게 부흥됐는지, 본교와 불교의 대립은 무엇 때문인지, 샨타락시타와 파드마삼바바는 토번지역의 불교 확산에 무슨 역할을 했는지, 삼예사는 어떤 과정을 거쳐 건립됐는지, ‘삼예논쟁’은 왜 일어났는지 등에 대해 <바세> 만큼 생동적으로 알려주는 기록도 드물다. 티베트학 연구자들이 <바세>에 관심을 기울이는 것도 이 때문이다. 물론 ‘김 화상’의 존재는 또 다른 점에서 <바세>를 주목받게 만들었다. 그는 한국인인가? 중국인인가? 한국인이라면 그는 왜 토번과 당나라의 중간 지역인 스촨성(四川省)에 가게 되었나? 김 화상의 존재는 이런 저런 의문들을 동시에 떠올리게 했다. 소략한 <바세>의 기록만으로 이런 문제들에 답변하기 힘들다. 다행히 다양한 필사본 <바세>가 있다는 점은 ‘김 화상 탐구’에 도움이 된다. 『바세』는 20세기 중후반 이전까지 필사본 형태로 전해왔다. 그래서 옮겨 적는 과정에 필사자의 주관이 개입될 소지가 적지 않았다. 세밀하게 분류하면 8종, 대체적으로 나누어도 5종이나 현존한다. 이들 필사본에 있는 김 화상 관련 기록들을 비교하면 김 화상의 실체가 드러날 가능성이 높다. 본고는 필사본 <바세>를 5종으로 구분한 뒤, 거기에 기재된 ‘김 화상 기록’과 <구당서(舊唐書)>ㆍ<신당서(新唐書)>의 내용을 대조ㆍ분석해 ‘김 화상의 실체와 그 주변’을 추적했다.
Abstract
There is considerable interest in Tibetan Buddhism throughout the world. Many people study Tibetan Buddhism and perform it according to Tibetan Buddhist practices. There is an old document that records how Tibetan Buddhism, which many people are interested in, formed and developed. It is dBa’ bzhed. dBa’ bzhed is an important document that systematically records the process of spreading Buddhism in the middle and late 8th century Tibet. It was not known exactly who the author was and the exact compilation year. Although there is a claim that dSa’ gSal sNang is the author, but there are a few counter arguments. Many later Tibetan historical books quoted from that book, so reliability of the records is recognized. It is a history book that must be examined when studying Tibetan ancient history. There is no record of how the 8th century Tibetan Buddhism is revived, why the confrontation between Bon and Buddhism in Tibet is caused, what did Shantarakshita and Padmasambhava play a role in the spread of Buddhism in Tibet, what process Sams Yas is built through, and why the so-called ‘Sams Yas Debate’ occurs as vividly as dBa’ bzhed. This is why Tibetan researchers have paid attention to dBa’ bzhed. ‘The existence of Kim hwashang’ has attracted attention to dBa’ bzhed in another respect. Is he a Korean or Chinese? If he is a Korean, why did he go to Sichuan Province, which is the middle region between Tibet and Tang? The existence of Kim hwashang reminded us of these questions at almost the same time. It is hard to answer these problems with the abbreviated record of dBa’ bzhed. Fortunately, the fact that there are various manuscripts dBa’ bzhed helps to explore Kim hwashang’s reality. dBa’ bzhed has been handed down in manuscript form until the middle and late 20th century. Characteristically, there are a few possibilities that the subjectivity of the scribe will be involved in the process of writing. Classifying the existing manuscripts in detail, there are eight species, and in general, five species. If we compare the records of the Kim hwashang in these manuscripts, it is highly possible that the reality of the Kim hwashang will be revealed. At least we can get more information about Kim hwashang now. This study divided the manuscripts of dBa’ bzhed into five types, and compared and analyzed the records on Kim hwashang in there and the contents of JiuTangShu(舊唐書) and XinTangShu(新唐書) in order to find the reality of Kim HwaShang and his around.
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