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티벳 논쟁으로서 쌈얘 논쟁의 비판적 검토

Revisiting the bSam yas Debate

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초록

본고에서는 전통적인 티벳 역사서들의 기술과 이를 따르는 선행 연구 성과들이 주장하고 있는 쌈얘 논쟁의 기존 논의를 비판적으로 검토하고자 한다. 첫 번째, 인도 불교도와 중국 선불교도가 벌인 티벳 내에서의 논쟁은 점수와 돈오 등과 관련한 논의가 중심이었다. 이에 반해 인도불교의 아비다르마 학파 내에서 벌인 논의는 견도에서 사성제의 분명한 이해가 점진적인지, 혹은 한 순간에 이루어지는 것인지의 논의가 중요하게 대두되었음을 살펴보았다. ‘점’과 ‘돈’이라는 관점에서 본다면, 티벳에서 벌어진 인도 불교도와 중국 선불교도의 논쟁과 인도불교 내의 아비다르마 학파 내에서 벌인 논의의 맥락이 서로 차이가 남을 확인할 수 있다. 두 번째, 티벳에 불교가 도입된 것은 새로운 문화나 새로운 사상의 유입이라는 관점뿐만이 아니라 정치세력의 재편이라는 점과 밀접하게 연결되기 때문에 논쟁에서 진다는 것은 바로 정치권력을 상실한다는 의미를 지니고 있음을 알 수 있다. 세 번째, 까말라씰라의 『명상 수행의 점차적 단계』 즉 『수습차제』에서 ‘어떤 이’를 상정해서 비판하는 내용이 화상 마하연의 가르침으로만 한정될 수 없고, 오히려 까말라씰라의 비판 내용은 인도에서 유행하였던 『팔천송반야경』과 『십지경』 그리고 『이만오천송반야경』 등에서 언급하고 있는 명상 수행의 실천과 이론의 내용과도 연결되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 네 번째, 까말라씰라의 『명상 수행의 점차적 단계』에서 비판하는 내용과 『돈오대승정리결』에서 인도 불교도의 비판 내용이 서로 상통하지 않는 구문들의 일부를 제시하였다. 이를 토대로 까말라씰라가 『명상 수행의 점차적 단계』에서 화상 마하연의 논지를 비판하고 있다는 전통적인 입장에 대해 다시 한 번 재고해 볼 여지가 있음을 알 수 있다.

Abstract

In the late eighth century, during the reign of Tibetan King Khri srong lde brtsan (742-c.800), there was a major debate in the bSam yas Monastery in Tibet. Kamalaśīla (740-c.795), a Mādhyamikan who advocated the “gradual cultivation theory” of Indian Buddhism and Hwashang Mahāyāna/Mahāyan (摩訶衍, fl. second half of 8th century), who advocated the “sudden enlightenment theory” of Chinese Chan Buddhism, engaged in a debate. Later Tibetans referred to this as the bSam yas debate (bSam yas rtsod pa). According to Tibetan historians and thinkers, the debate was won by Kamalaśīla, and Mahāyāna/Mahāyan and his followers admitted defeat and left Tibet. The king then declared the teachings of Indian Buddhism to be the orthodox Dharma, based on the teaching of Nāgārjuna (150-c.250). However, a Chinese manuscript unearthed from Dunhuang, titled Ratification of the True Principle of the Mahāyāna Teaching of Sudden Enlightenment (Dùnwù dàchéng zhènglǐ jué 頓悟大乘正理決) and compiled by Wang Xi (late 8th c.-early 9th c.), gives a detailed description on some aspects of the debate and says that Hwashang Mahāyāna/Mahāyan won the debate. If so, what is the historical truth of the bSam yas debate? This paper aims to reconsider the discussion of the bSam yas debate, drawing upon the narratives of traditional Tibetan historical writings and prior research on this topic. First, the debate between Indian Buddhists and Chinese Chan Buddhists in Tibet was mainly about gradual enlightenment and sudden enlightenment. Meanwhile, the discussion within the Abidharma school in India is recognized to be as important as the discussion of whether the clear understanding (abhisamaya) of the four noble truths is gradual or simultaneous in the path of seeing (darśanamārga). Second, this study points out that the introduction of Buddhism to Tibet was closely linked not only to the influx of a new culture or new thought, but also to the reorganization of political forces. Third, Kamalaśīla’s criticism of someone (gang zhig)’s opinion in his Gradual Stages of Meditation cannot be limited to Mahāyāna/Mahāyan’s teaching, but rather, Kamalaśīla’s criticism can be linked to the meditative practices and theories mentioned in India’s Aṣṭasāhasrikā prajñāpāramitā, Daśabhūmikasūtra, Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā, and so forth. Fourth, Kamalaśīla’s criticism of the Gradual Stages of Meditation and Indian Buddhists’ criticism of the Ratification of the True Principle of the Mahāyāna Teaching of Sudden Enlightenment present some phrases that do not match each other. Based on this, I argue that there is room to reconsider the traditional position that Kamalaśīla is criticizing Mahāyāna/Mahāyan in the Gradual Stages of Meditation.

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