천태 지의의 「입제법(立制法)」을 통해 본 성문율과 보살계 운용

Abstract

This paper explores Tiantai Zhiyi's Lizhifa (立制法) as an example of how Chinese Buddhists harmonized the Vinayapiṭaka and Bodhisattva precepts. Lizhifa refers to the Monastic Regulations (sengzhi 僧制) established by Zhiyi to guide the Tiantai Buddhist sect in his later years. Comprising a preface and ten provisions, the Lizhifa includes unique regulations absent from the Vinaya precepts, alongside rules derived from both the Vinayapiṭaka and the Bodhisattva precepts. Based on the Vinayapiṭaka and Fanwang-jing, Zhiyi enacted rules concerning meals, limitations on food comsumption, prohibitions against quarrels among members, punishments for felonies, and safeguards against the slander of the innocent. A distinctive feature of Zhiyi's legislative approach lies in his balanced application of the Vinayapiṭaka and the Bodhisattva precepts. While generally adhering to the stricter framework of the Fanwang-jing, Zhiyi allowed for flexibility by incorporating exceptions derived from the Vinayapiṭaka. This balanced approach demonstrates Zhiyi's adept integration of the Vinayapiṭaka and the Bodhisattva precepts in practical monastic life, as well as his deep understanding of Buddhist disciplinary principles. Furthermore, Zhiyi's method of enacting the Lizhifa anticipates the development of Baizhang Huaihai's Rules of Purity (qinggui 淸規). The principle of “harmonizing the precepts of both Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna,” foundational to the Rules of Purity, is evident in Zhiyi's Lizhifa from this much earlier period.