연방제를 통한 통합과 분권의 구현:캐나다의 경험을 중심으로
Canadian Federalism In Pursuit of Unity and Decentralization
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캐나다는 건국부터 현재까지 하나의 통합국가와 두 개의 언어/문화 지역이 동시에 존립할 수 있는 전제조건을 찾으며 통치하는 정치체제이다. 복합사회에서 연방제도에 의존해 다층 거버넌스를 구현하는 연방국가 캐나다는 갈등해소의 난제를 어떻게 접근해왔으며 어떤 시정조치가 필요한지, 또 왜 그러한 요구에도 불구하고 시정이 되지 않는지 잘 보여주는 사례이다. 본 논문에서는 우선 연방주의를 구현하는 근거로서 캐나다 헌법의 정치적 함의를 검토하여 연방제도의 정립과정을 정리한 후, 실질적인 권력분산의 면모를 선거-정당체제, 행정조직과 재정분산 등을 통해 상세하게 검토한다. 그리고 구체적인 중앙-지역/지방 간 권력분산의 실상을 정부조정단계기구의 운영과 사회복지제도 중 육아정책에 초점을 맞춰 분석한다. 마지막으로 결론에서 연방주의를 통해 국민화합과 분권화라는 두 마리의 토끼를 잡기 위해 반드시 집고 넘어가야할 문제들을 강조한다.
Abstract
Canada is often labelled as a "unfulfilled union" despite its perennial demands to integrate one statehood with two nationhoods, that is, its seemingly irreconcilable needs for unity and decentralization. As a federal state, Canada furnishes scholars and practitioners alike with a case study on what kind of problems a complex society confronts, what options are available to resolve such conflicts, and why it is often daunting to redress any wrongdoing under multi-level governance. This paper explores to provide answers to these questions, by delineating the institutionalization of federalism from the mid-1800s till today and analyzing its political, economic, and social implication in Canada. I conclude with a suggestion that we can understand the exact relationship between federalism and federation "only by constant reference to their continuous interaction."
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