탈냉전 이후 미국의 인도주의적 군사개입: 국제규범과 미국의 전략을 중심으로
“America’s Humanitarian Military Intervention in post-Cold War”
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인권 규범이 국제사회에 널리 확산되면서 자국의 군사적인 위협이 아니라 인도주의 적 목적에서 군사개입의 사례가 증대하고 있다. 국제정치이론적 측면에서 인도주의적 군사개입은 인권규범의 확장과 강화에 따른 결과로 보고 현실주의가 내세우는 주권과 국내문제 불개입의 국제질서가 바뀌고 있다는 주장이 제기된다. 하지만 국제규범의 실 행과 영향력을 결정하는 방식은 여전히 국력 혹은 군사력과 무관하지 않고, 초강대국의 역할과 리더십이 중요하게 작용한다. 인도주의적 목적을 위한 초강대국 미국의 군사개 입은 전략적 선택으로 현실주의적 시각에서 설명될 수 있다. 인도주의적 군사개입을 결정하는 과정에서 미국이 태도는 국내정치적 위험을 줄이고 국제사회의 지지를 얻기 위해 사태 예방보다는 사후적으로 개입하였고, 오히려 자국의 안보와 안정적인 국제질서를 위해 패권적 영향력 확장의 기회로 삼으려는 의도가 높았 다. 이런 과정에서 인권규범과 주권규범 간 절충점은 미국의 세계전략에 따라 다양한 양태를 보여준다. 미국의 전략적 이익이 중요하게 고려될 뿐이고, 인권침해가 일어난 국가의 주권은 결정적인 변수가 되지 못한다. 그것은 인도주의적 군사개입이 주권규범 보다는 인권규범의 우위를 증명하는 것이 아니라 미국의 지도력과 국익이 어떻게 작동 하는가와 연관되어 있다. 약소국의 주권은 미국의 전략적 판단에 의해 인도주의적 명분 아래 과거에 비해 훨씬 많은 영향을 받게 되었다
Abstract
The norm of human rights has been drastically developed during the post-Cold War, so international military interventions have been made frequently not for the threat from other countries, but for humanitarian purposes. Humanitarian military intervention is mentioned as an evidence that the sovereignty norm, or the principle of nonintervention to other nation’s domestic affairs, is gradually weakening in the international society. However, the realization of the international norms is closely related to a leading intervening country’s national capabilities and intention, and particularly the foreign policy goal of a superpower like America is more important than any other elements. America’s military intervention for humanitarian aids represents a strategic choice with regard to its national interests. In order to obtain the support from domestic politics and international opinion, the United States has been highly likely to intervene militarily after genocide or racial suffering occurs. Once in a while, America tends to take an advantage of strengthening of its influence in the name of human rights protection. America’s military action is to improve its strategic interests rather than to protect the sovereignty of a nation where the human rights of its citizens are severely violated. This implies that America’s leadership and national interests are far more decided than binding arrangements by the human rights norms in the process of international humanitarian military intervention.
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