터키 AKP 정권과 이스탄불 협약: 가입과 탈퇴의 상황적 정치화
The AKP Regime of Turkey and the Istanbul Convention: Situational Politicization of Entry and Exit
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터키는 이스탄불 협약(Istanbul Convention)에 최초로 가입(2011)하고 최초로 탈퇴(2021)한 국가이다. 이스탄불 협약은 여성 폭력을 여성 차별과 여성 인권 침해의 한 형태로 명시한 최초의 국제 협약이다. 터키가 탈퇴하면서 이스탄불 협약은 ‘이스탄불’ 없는 협약이 되었다. 터키의 집권 여당인 AKP(Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi)는 세속주의 국가에서 민주적 선거를 통해 20년간 장기집권을 이어가고 있는 이슬람 정당이다. 이러한 AKP 정권은 어떠한 배경과 동기에서 이스탄불 협약에 가입하고 탈퇴하기로 하였을까? 본 연구는 AKP가 정권을 확장하고 유지 및 안정화하는 과정의 경과에 따라 이스탄불 협약 가입과 탈퇴를 정치화하였다는 점에 주목하여 그 과정을 설명하고자 하였다. 집권 초기 AKP는 세속주의 기득권층을 견제하고, 정권 정당성을 확보하는 한편 유럽화라는 국가적 숙원을 성취하기 위해 민주주의, 인권 등의 보편적 가치를 실용적으로 추구했다. AKP 정부는 이러한 정치적 필요에 의해 이스탄불 협약에 주도적으로 참여하였다. AKP 정권은 네 번의 총선에서 연속 승리, 사상 첫 대통령 직선에서 에르도안(Erdoğan) 대통령 당선, 대통령중심제로 정체 변경 등을 통해 확장되고 안정화되었다. 이 시기 유럽화는 EU 가입 협상 중단과 재개가 반복되는 등 답보상태를 이어갔다. 이러한 맥락에서 AKP는 이슬람주의적 정체성을 가시적으로 드러내기 시작하였고, 이스탄불 협약과의 이질성을 강조하고 탈퇴를 선언하였다. AKP 정권의 이스탄불 협약 가입 및 탈퇴 결정은 정치화 과정의 역설적 선택이었다.
Abstract
Turkey is the first country that joined(2011) and left(2021) the Istanbul Convention. The Istanbul Convention is the first international convention that specifies the violence against women as a type of discrimination against women and violation of women’s rights. After Turkey withdrew from the convention, the Istanbul Convention became the convention without ‘Istanbul’. AKP which is the party in power of Turkey is an Islamic party that has seized the power for a long time of 20 years through democratic election in the secularistic country. What was the background and motivation for this AKP regime to decide to join and leave the Istanbul Convention? Paying attention to the fact in which the AKP regime politicized the process of joining and leaving the Istanbul Convention following the progress of expanding, maintaining, and stabilizing its power, this study aimed to explain the process. In the early days in office, the AKP practically pursued the universal values like democracy and human rights in order to hold the secularistic establishment in check, to secure the legitimacy of party, and also to achieve the national long-cherished wish as Europeanization. Because of such political necessities, the AKP regime initiatively participated in the Istanbul Convention. The AKP regime won four general elections in a row, which was expanded and stabilized through the election of President Erdoğan in the first presidential direct election, and change to the presidential system. During this period, the Europeanization was in a stalemate as the negotiation to join the EU was repetitively halted and resumed. In this context, the AKP started visually revealing the Islamic identity, and then declared the withdrawal from it by emphasizing its heterogeneity with the Istanbul Convention. The AKP regime’s decision to join and leave the Istanbul Convention was the paradoxical selection of politicizing process.
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