터키에서 정치 이슬람과 히잡 착용 관계 연구: 에르도안 대통령 선출 이후, 여성운동가들의 의견을 중심으로
A Study on Political Islam and Hijab Wearing in Turkey: focusing on female activists’ opinion after Erdoğan’s presidential election
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친이슬람정당 AKP 출신 에르도안의 장기집권으로 터키사회가 보수화되면서 히잡을 착용한 인구가 많아졌지만 ‘공공장소에서의 히잡 착용 금지법’이라는 세속주의 원칙으로 히잡을 착용한 여성의 교육과 사회진출을 막자 그 결과 여성의 지위가 약화되고 사회의 보수화가 더 급하게 진행된다는 사회적 비판과 여론이 들끓었다. 히잡 문제를 이슬람주의와 세속주의 갈등의 축으로 보던 과거에서 벗어나 공공장소에서 히잡 착용의 자유화를 위한 모든 사회의 노력과 합의의 결과로 현재 군부를 포함한 모든 영역에서 여성들이 자유롭게 히잡을 착용하고 활동할 수 있게 되었다. 이념을 뛰어 넘어 터키 여성의 지위 향상이라는 대의를 품고 함께 연합한 이슬람 여성운동가와 세속주의 여성운동가의 결단과 행동은 히잡 정책을 변화시키고 나아가 터키 사회에 큰 변화의 물꼬를 터 주었다. 세속주의-이슬람주의로 양분화 되었던 터키 사회는 히잡 문제를 풀어가는 과정 가운데 민주주의에 한 걸음 다가가게 된 것이다. 긍정적인 터키 사회의 변화는 터키 여성의 인권과 지위에 긍정적 영향을 줄 것이라 기대하지만 히잡의 완전한 자유화를 위해서는 히잡이라는 종교 의상이 더 이상 이슬람주의자들에 의해 혹은 세속주의자들에 의해 정치적으로 이용되지 않도록 여성운동가들은 물론 모든 시민과 사회가 함께 경계하며 자유주의(민주주의)를 수호해야 할 것이다. 또한 히잡 착용 자유화, 그 자체가 여성의 지위 향상을 보장하는 것이 아님을 계속해서 상기해야 할 것이다.
Abstract
Due to the long term ruling by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan from AKP, a pro-Islamic political party, the Turkish society became conservative and the population of hijab-worn women increased significantly. However, the ban on the hijab wearing in public places which originated from the secular constitution, rather prevented hijab-wearing women from education opportunities and led to an impediment to women’s entry into society. Consequently, a critical public opinion was enormously obtained that the social status of women deteriorated and a social conservatism rapidly developed. Taking a big step from the past when people viewed hijab as an icon of Islamism and Secularism conflict, now, women in various fields including the military are free to wear hijabs while working as a result of endeavor and agreement of society in order to liberalize the right to wear hijab in the public. The united determination and actions by Islam feminists and secular ones together who justified advancement of Turkish women regardless of their ideology, changed the hijab policy. In a process of resolving hijab issue in Turkish society, which is separated by Secularism and Islamism, a forward step towards democracy was taken. Nevertheless, female activists and average citizens as well need to see to it that the hijab, simply an Islamic garment cannot be exploited as a political issue either by Islamists or by Secularists and thus to enhance democracy in Turkey. Besides, it is needless to say that the freedom to wear hijab itself does not guarantee the augmentation of the Turkish women’s rights.
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