포퓰리스트 외교정책의 이론화: 반엘리트주의와 국가주권의 회복을 중심으로
Theorizing Populist Foreign Policy: Anti-elitism and the Restoration of National Sovereignty
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지난 십여 년간 전세계적으로 나타난 자유주의 국제질서의 위기, 민주주의의 후퇴 현상과 맞물려 포퓰리즘에 대한 연구가 정치학 내에서 활발히 진행되었다. 하지만 포퓰리즘을국제관계의 맥락에서 검토하면서 포퓰리즘이 외교정책을 통해 어떻게 발현되며 그 영향은무엇인지에 대한 연구는 국내외적으로 아직까지 많지 않다. 본 논문은 포퓰리즘과 외교정책의 관계에 주목하여 포퓰리스트 외교정책에 대한 체계적인 이론화를 시도한다. 우선 정치사상 및 비교정치 분야에서 정립된 포퓰리즘의 개념에 기초하여 포퓰리즘의 특징을 크게“반엘리트주의”와 “인민에 대한 강조”로 제시하고, 엘리트와 인민이 국제적 차원에서정의될 때 포퓰리즘과 외교정책이 연계될 수 있음을 주장한다. 또한 포퓰리즘의 이러한 두가지 특성을 토대로, 개별 국가의 특수성과 포퓰리즘의 다양한 양태를 초월하여 공통적으로 발견되는 포퓰리스트 외교정책의 속성을 “자유주의 국제질서 및 관련 국제기구에 대한백래시”, “수정주의 글로벌 강대국과의 유대”, “전문가와 과학에 대한 배격”, “사인화된 외교”의 네 가지로 제시한다. 끝으로 포퓰리즘의 확산이 현실 국제정치에 제공하는함의와 정치학 연구에 주는 과제에 대해 살펴본다.
Abstract
Populism has received significant scholarly attention in political science over the past decade during the period of democratic backsliding and the crisis of the liberal international order. However, little research exists on how populism is associated with and articulated through foreign policy. This article aims to conceptualize and theorize populist foreign policy (PFP). Drawing from studies of populism in political theory and comparative politics, we first identify two major characteristics of populism—“anti-elitism” and “emphasis on people”— and argue that populism and foreign policy can be linked when elites and people are defined internationally. Given the two features of populism, we identify four common characteristics of PFP: (a) backlash against the liberal international order and relevant institutions, (b) increasing ties with revisionist global powers, and foreign policy based on (c) anti-expert and anti-science attitudes and (d) personalized styles. Finally, we discuss the academic and policy implications of PFP and propose a potential research agenda for future studies in world politics.
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