朝鮮 初期 迎詔勅 관련 儀註의 성립과 朝明關係

Abstract

Before the foundation of the system of modern international laws, the East Asian world consisted in a sinocentric order with China as the pivot. Korea, also unexceptionally, made some relation with China since the Age of the Three Nations by means of tribute and investiture. China promulgated courtesy systems for generations, which clarified the relation, and Korea also accepted them to attempt at a good relation with China. After all, this relation climaxed with the foundation of the Joseon Dynasty based on the Neo-Confucian Sinocentrism. Since her foundation in 1392, Joseon constantly improved her own systems of courtesy, and finally complete Gukjo-Oryeui(國朝五禮儀) in 1474. The toadyist courtesy system for Ming, which governed Continental China at that time, included the greeting-toward-the-palace procedure(望闕禮) and the protocol for the rescripts for welcoming diplomats(迎詔勅 儀禮), all of which were involved in celebrative procedures(嘉禮). In particular, the protocol for the rescripts for welcoming diplomats were usually regarded as part of guest treatment procedures(賓禮), but Joseon established it as part of celebrative procedures as it was for the welcoming of Ming's envoys and rescripts. This means that Joseon did not simply regard Ming as a foreign country, but were willing to be accommodated in the orderly reign of Ming. However, accepting the Ming-based order in terms of the protocol for the rescripts for welcoming diplomats, Joseon domestically tried to exalt her King and her royal court. Rescripts(詔勅) is distinguished between Joseo(詔書) and Chikseo(勅書). Though following the procedures in Ming-Jiprye(明集禮), a book containing Ming's defined courtesies, for Joseo, Joseon created a much more concise version of Chikseo. Even Godu(叩頭), a overbearing procedure of courtesy, was included only once. By reducing the number of Godu, which was included three times in the stage of Yeji(禮志) in the History of Goryeo(高麗史), Joseon tried to maximally increase her King's domestic status. On the side of Ming, such efforts made by Joseon would possibly violate the fidelity of toadyism. Thus, some of Ming's envoys who had visit Joseon before and after the establishment of Gukjo-Oryeui often criticized Joseon for not following Ming's examples in the protocol of the rescripts for welcoming deplomats. They required even Obae-Samgodu(五拜三叩頭), which had been used by conquering dynasties before Ming like Liao(遼), Jin(金), Yuan(元) etc.. However, Joseon after all did not use Obae-Samgodu, but completed Gukjo-Oryeui to establish her own independent protocol related with the rescripts for welcoming deplomats. This means that the contents of the pre-modern toadyist relation between Korea and China could be varied though their relation was tied in the tribute-investiture system.