조선후기 호적자료를 통해 본 鮑作의 사회적 지위

Abstract

This paper focused on the existence of ‘abalone collecting men’ or ‘pojak’ who have used the ocean for their living through all which the social situations then on Jejudo island could be sought. The summary of what discussed in this paper is as follows. First, the author searched the names of ‘pojakin’ or the abalone collectors in the old literatures including the True Record of the Joseon Dynasty and reviewed them comparing with the previous studies on their names which had been called variously such as ‘pojakin’, ‘pojakgan’, ‘pojakhan’, bokjakgan’, or ‘pojakbae.’ Jeju ‘pojakin’ could be defined as male fishers who gathered fish and seafood in the sea and exchanged and sold them in the villages around the coastal areas in Jeolla and Gyeongsang Province. They also were the men who had chosen to present to the king marine products. Second, the researcher focused their leaving of the island and their existence. Here are the social and economical reasons that they were forced to go to the mainland : troubles in their livelihood caused by the poor geographical nature, the increasing amount of tribute for the Joseon Dynasty, and the excessive demand from corrupt officials and local nobilities. Third, the author studied the developments after their leaving for the mainland. The abalone collecting men were staying on the coastal areas mainly in Jeolla and Gyeonasang Province gathering seafood. And they obtained oceanic information inperson including ship building know-how, navigation, and art of ocean war, which were urgently needed for Joseon government who had been suffering from the invasion from Japanese pirates. To this end, the government located them in the naval forces aiming to use their military abilities. On the other hand, other collectors who didn’t follow or did avoid the government’s structure, would wander around the Korean Peninsula and cause various social problems in collusion with the pirates including Japanese pirates. In the late of Joseon Dynasty, the number of the abalone gathering men had decreased and finally the existence and name had disappeared. Fourth, the author supposed and discussed the cause of their disappearing. Fifth, their status and the detailed changes of Jikyeok in Joseon Dynasty are studied based on the review of their family lines, who were one included in the social class forced to have six obliged labors on ‘Hojeokjungcho(then the census registration)’. From the results of reviewing the family lines, it is disclosed that most of them were from public slaves and they had marriages in the same social class or inter-slave families. In the late of 18th century, the status as ‘Pojak’ had been decreasingly phased out and four out of six ‘Pojaks’ had changed to public soldiers from the previous vocation. After the revolution of slave liberalization in 1801, most ‘Pojaks’ attempted to find their way out the hierarchical shackles.