Opting for a Subject: Implications about English and Korean Speakers’ Sentence Production
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This study explores cross-linguistic differences in online sentence production,working on the theory that the grammatical characteristics of a language customize the speakers' usual manner of sentence construction and utterance. It is reasoned that a contrast between English and Korean syntax has a direct bearing on that process:The sentential subject is licensed by a tensed verb in English, while it is by an overt morpheme in Korean. This gives rise to a substantial difference in the speakers'speech patterns: English speakers' message formation and linguistic encoding center on a verb, while Korean speakers elect or utter a subject first and then draw a predicate. An experiment is conducted on the hypotheses that (a) English L1 speakers are disposed to make sentences based on verbal information, so they would choose a subject that is conceptually more intimate with a given verb; (b) In contrast, Korean L1 speakers’ sentence construction is topic-oriented, so they would first consider the contextual properties of each referent such as shared familiarity and previous topicality; (c) Korean speakers' L1 patterns would be persistent in their L2 English processing. The results and some implications for English teaching are discussed.
Abstract
This study explores cross-linguistic differences in online sentence production,working on the theory that the grammatical characteristics of a language customize the speakers' usual manner of sentence construction and utterance. It is reasoned that a contrast between English and Korean syntax has a direct bearing on that process:The sentential subject is licensed by a tensed verb in English, while it is by an overt morpheme in Korean. This gives rise to a substantial difference in the speakers'speech patterns: English speakers' message formation and linguistic encoding center on a verb, while Korean speakers elect or utter a subject first and then draw a predicate. An experiment is conducted on the hypotheses that (a) English L1 speakers are disposed to make sentences based on verbal information, so they would choose a subject that is conceptually more intimate with a given verb; (b) In contrast, Korean L1 speakers’ sentence construction is topic-oriented, so they would first consider the contextual properties of each referent such as shared familiarity and previous topicality; (c) Korean speakers' L1 patterns would be persistent in their L2 English processing. The results and some implications for English teaching are discussed.
참고문헌 (54)
- Bock,J.K, "Meaning,sound,and syntax:Lexical priming in sentence production", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, pp.575~586 (1986)
- Bock,J.K, "Syntactic persistence in language production", Cognitive Psychology, 18, pp.355~387 (1986)
- Bock,J.K, "An effect of the accessibility of word forms on sentence structures", Journal of Memory and Language, 26, pp.119~137 (1987)
- Bock,J.K, "Regulating mental energy:Performance units in language production", Journal of Memory and Language, 31, pp.99~127 (1992)
- Bock,J.K, "Language production:Grammatical encoding.In Handbook of psycholinguistics", pp.945~984 (1994), Academic Press
- Bock,J.K, "Conceptual accessibility and syntactic structure in sentence formulation", Cognition, 21, pp.47~67 (1985)
- Branigan,H.P, "Syntactic co-ordination in dialogue", Cognition, 75, pp.13~25 (2000)
- Branigan,H.P, "Contributions of animacy to grammatical function assignment and word order during production", Lingua, 118, pp.172~189 (2008)
- Bresnan,J, "Introduction:Grammars as mental representations of language.In The mental representation of grammatical relations", pp.17~52 (1985), MIT Press
- Brown-Schmidt,S, "Little houses and casas pequenas:Message formulation and syntactic form in unscripted speech with speakers of English and Spanish", Cognition, 109, pp.274~280 (2008)
- Brysbaert,M, "The Whorfian hypothesis and numerical cognition:Is ‘twentyfour’ processed in the same way as ‘four-and-twenty’", Cognition, 66, pp.51~77 (1998)
- Chafe,W, "Cognitive constraints on information flow.In Coherence and grounding in discourse", pp.21~51 (1987), John Benjamins
- Chomsky,N, "Lectures on government and binding" (1981), Foris
- Chomsky,N, "The minimalist program" (1995), MIT Press
- Christianson,K, "Planning in sentence production:Evidence from a free word-order language(Odawa)", Cognition, 98, pp.105~135 (2005)
- Cleland,A.A, "The use of lexical and syntactic information in language production:Evidence from the priming of noun-phrase structure", Journal of Memory and Language, 49, pp.214~230 (2003)
- Cohen,J, "Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences" (1988), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
- Diessel,H, "The development of relative clauses in English", Cognitive Linguistics, 11, pp.131~151 (2000)
- Diessel,H, "A new look at the acquisition of relative clauses", Language, 81(4), pp.882~906 (2005)
- Ertel,S, "Where do the subjects of sentences come from? In Sentence production:Developments in research and theory", pp.141~167 (1977), Erlbaum
- Ferreira,F, "Effects of length and syntactic complexity on initiation times for prepared utterances", Journal of Memory and Language, 30, pp.210~233 (1991)
- Ferreira,F, "How incremental is language production? Evidence from the production of utterances requiring the computation of arithmetic sums", Journal of Memory and Language, 46, pp.57~84 (2002)
- Ferreira,V.S, "Effect of ambiguity and lexical availability on syntactic and lexical production", Cognitive Psychology, 40, pp.296~340 (2000)
- Fodor,J.A, "Modularity of mind" (1983), MIT Press
- Ford,M, "Sentence planning units:Implications for the speaker’s representation of meaningful relations underlying sentences.In The mental representation of grammatical relations", pp.798~827 (1982), MIT Press
- Ford,M, "Planning units and syntax in sentence production", Cognition, 6, pp.35~53 (1978)
- Garrett,M.F, "The analysis of sentence production.In Psychology of learning and motivation(Vol.9)", pp.133~177 (1975), Academic Press
- Garrett,M.F, "Levels of processing in sentence production.In Language production(Vol.1)", pp.177~220 (1980), Academic Press
- Gazdar,G, "Generalized phrase structure grammar" (1985), Harvard University Press
- Goldman-Eisler,F, "Psycholinguistics:Experiments in spontaneous speech" (1968), Academic Press
- Griffin,Z.M, "What the eye says about sentence planning", 박사, pp.1998
- Holmes,V.M, "Hesitations and sentence planning", Language and Cognitive Processes, 3, pp.323~361 (1988)
- Huang,C.-T.J, "On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns", Linguistic Inquiry, 15, pp.531~544 (1984)
- Jung,E.-H, "Topic and subject prominence in interlanguage development", LANGUAGE LEARNING, 54(4), pp.713~738 (2004)
- Kang,M.-Y, "Topics in Korean syntax:Phrase structure,variable binding and movement", 박사, pp.1988
- Kempen,G, "An incremental procedural grammar for sentence formulation", Cognitive Science, 11, pp.201~258 (1987)
- Levelt,W.J.M, "Speaking:From intention to articulation" (1989), MIT Press
- Linsley,J.R, "Producing simple utterances:Haw far ahead do we plan", Cognitive Psychology, 7, pp.1~19 (1975)
- Li,C.N, "Subject and topic:A new typology of languages.In Subject and topic", pp.457~490 (1976), Academic Press
- McNeill,D, "Hand and mind:What gestures reveal about thought" (1992), University of Chicago Press
- Nishimura,M, "The topic-comment construction in Japanese-English codeswitching", World Englishes, 8, pp.365~377 (1989)
- Osgood,C.E, "Lectures on language performance" (1980), Springer-Verlag
- Pickering,M.J, "The representation of verbs:Evidence from syntactic priming in language production", Journal of Memory and Language, 39, pp.633~651 (1998)
- Pickering,M.J, "Syntactic priming in language production", Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, pp.136~141 (1999)
- Prat-Sala,M, "Discourse constraints on syntactic processing in language production:A cross-linguistic study in English and Spanish", Journal of Memory and Language, 42, pp.168~182 (2000)
- Race,D.S, "The use of"that"in the production and comprehension of object relative clauses", Proceedings of the 25th annual meeting of the cognitive science society, pp.946~951 (2003)
- Rochester,S.R, "Production of complex sentences in monologues and dialogues", Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, pp.203~210 (1973)
- Rutherford,W.E, "Language typology and language transfer.In Language transfer in language learning", pp.358~470 (1983), Newbury House
- Rutherford,W.E, "Interlanguage and pragmatic word order.In Linguistic perspectives on second language acquisition", pp.163~182 (1989), Cambridge University Press
- Smith,M, "Syntactic priming in spoken sentence production:An online study", Cognition, 78, pp.123~164 (2001)
- Tomlin,R.S, "Attention in cognitive science and second language acquisition", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 16, pp.183~203 (1994)
- van Nice,K.Y, "Task-sensitivity of animacy effects:Evidence from German picture descriptions", Linguistics, 5, pp.825~849 (2003)
- Watson,D, "The relationship between intonational phrasing and syntactic structure in language production", Language and Cognitive Processes, 19(6), pp.713~755 (2004)
- Yip,V, "Interlanguage and typology:The case of topicprominence.In The current state of interlanguage", pp.17~30 (1995), Benjamins