한국어 피동법의 역사적 변화

Abstract

Language changes in all aspects including phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic ones. As such, grammatical categories, which is a syntactic phenomenon, also change in time. Grammatical categories are realized by morphological as well as syntactic methods. And methods of realizing grammatical categories change in time. On the basis of these facts, this paper aims to examine historical changes of the realizing method of the passive. For these purposes, I defined the notion of passive as grammatical category and showed that grammatical categories are realized in various ways. And then, I described how methods of realizing the passive changed in the history of Korean. Among the changes in the methods of realizing grammatical categories are 1)change from morphological method(inflection, derivation) to syntactic method, and 2)change from syntactic method to morphological method. To see how methods of realizing the passive change, I examined the changes from the 15th-century Korean to modern Korean. The methods of realizing the passive are derivational and syntactic both in the 15th-century and modern Korean. But there is a big difference between the derivational method in the 15th-century and that of today. That is, many of the verbs which allowed the passive suffix as a method of realizing the passive no longer allow it in modern Korean, as can be seen below. nis-ta : `connect` : nis-wuy-ta : * i-wu-ta ponay-ta : `send` : ponay-i-ta : * ponay-i-ta ilh-ta : `lose` : ilh-i-ta : * ilh-i-ta (-i- : PASS) These are but a few examples from a great many instances of the same kind. The passive in modern Korean is realized for the above examples by means of the syntactic method. is-ta : `connect` : i-e ci-ta ponay-ta : `send` : ponay-e ci-ta ilh-ta : `lose` : ilh-e ci-ta As such, the change in the methods of realizing the passive is of the type `derivational > syntactic`. In short, it is a change from the morphological method to the syntactic one.