When Topic Meets ‘And’: Development of Conditional and Prohibitive Constructions in Korean
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Unlike European languages which utilize auxiliary verbs, in Korean and Japanese, many modal expressions developed from bi-clausal constructions which include conditional markers. Using diachronic and synchronic corpus data, this study investigates the development of deontic modals -myen an toy and -ese-nun an toy ‘should not’ and demonstrates that although periphrastic, they also followed the cross-linguistically attested common developmental path (e.g., English must) from possibility to necessity. Based on evidence from cross-linguistic studies and Korean historical data, this study proposes that a) the conditional construction expressing possibility -myen mot-hA-li was the erstwhile form of -myen an toy and b) this transformed to a marker of deontic necessity in the context of a warning with a focal shift to the protasis and a generalization of the apodosis. Drawing on the similarities between myen and ese-nun, this study examines how the combination of the Korean topic marker -nun and the basic temporal concept ‘and’ (-ese and -mye) could engender the conditional meanings. This study refutes the proposal that myen emerged as conditional skipping the temporal stage and supports Koo (1989) and others who propose that the combination of temporal meaning and topic contributed to the emergence of the conditional myen.
Abstract
Unlike European languages which utilize auxiliary verbs, in Korean and Japanese, many modal expressions developed from bi-clausal constructions which include conditional markers. Using diachronic and synchronic corpus data, this study investigates the development of deontic modals -myen an toy and -ese-nun an toy ‘should not’ and demonstrates that although periphrastic, they also followed the cross-linguistically attested common developmental path (e.g., English must) from possibility to necessity. Based on evidence from cross-linguistic studies and Korean historical data, this study proposes that a) the conditional construction expressing possibility -myen mot-hA-li was the erstwhile form of -myen an toy and b) this transformed to a marker of deontic necessity in the context of a warning with a focal shift to the protasis and a generalization of the apodosis. Drawing on the similarities between myen and ese-nun, this study examines how the combination of the Korean topic marker -nun and the basic temporal concept ‘and’ (-ese and -mye) could engender the conditional meanings. This study refutes the proposal that myen emerged as conditional skipping the temporal stage and supports Koo (1989) and others who propose that the combination of temporal meaning and topic contributed to the emergence of the conditional myen.
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