선어말어미 { - 더 - } 의 통시적 변화

Abstract

In Modern Korean, a sentence-final `-t◎le`, a clause-final connective `-t◎ni`, and a relative clause-final `-t◎n` all have `-t◎-` , but their functions are not the same. It is difficult to provide a synchronic account of their different functions. This paper argues that the difference is due to their historical developments. In the 15th century Korean, [-stative] verbs had the past tense forms, `φ` (perfective) and {-t◎-}(imperfeccive), the present tense form ｛-n∧-｝, and the future tense form ｛-ri-｝. In contrast, [+stative] verbs had the past tense form ｛-t◎-｝, the present tense form `Φ`, and the future tense form ｛-ri-｝. The gammaticization of past tense marker `-◎s-` resulted in successive changes of ｛-n∧-｝ and ｛-t◎-｝, which led to a radical change of the Tense-Aspect-Mood system in Korean. First, {-◎s-｝ came to express past tense meaning, and the form without ｛-◎s-｝ was reinterpreted as `non-past`. Second, the form `-◎sn∧-` (←`-◎s-` +`-n∧,-`) forced `-n∧-` to change its function. As a result, `-n∧-` lost its tense meaning, and was reinterpreted as the speaker`s view point at the moment of speech. Third, after the ganmmaticization of `-◎s-`, {-t◎-｝ and ｛-n∧-｝ stood in a new opposition relation. It was that new opposition relation which forced the reinterpretation of ｛-t◎-｝. Consequently ｛-t◎-｝, which meant `the imperfective in the past (viewing the past situation from inside)` in Mile Korean, was reinterpreted as speaker`s view point at the moment of perception. However, all the syntactic constructions did not undergo the same change. In the relative clause, the 15th century`s system was maintained. The reason for not accepting the new system seems to be that the modal quality of the opposition `-n∧ : -t◎-` was not suitable to the embedded clause. Before the connective ending `-i`ni-`,.the opposition of `-◎s- : φ` was accepted, but the new opposition of `-n∧- : -t◎-` was not. In this case, ｛-n∧-｝ was deleted, and `-t◎ni- (← {-t◎-} + `-i`ni-`) became a single unit.