본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

한국 사회의 고독과 외로움: 인식적 탐색과 이해

Solitude and Loneliness in Korean Society: Cognitive Exploration and Understanding

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류심리과학

초록

본 연구에서는 대표성을 가진 고독과 외로움의 단어 도구를 개발하고, 두 정서에 대한 한국인의 인식을 차원적으로 살펴보았다. 20대∼60대의 성인을 대상으로 단어 분류 과제를 수행하였고, 그 결과를 토대로 단어에 내재한 차원을 발견하였다. 고독의 차원은 모든 연령에서 2차원으로, 외로움의 차원은 60대를 제외한 전 연령에서 2차원으로 나타났다. 고독의 경우, 20대는 ‘여유(자유)-위축(자신감 결여)/내부 지향(불안)-외부 지향(불만족)’, 30대는 ‘여유(탐구)-위축(회피)/내부 지향(결핍)-외부 지향(우울)’, 40대는 ‘여유(전환)-위축(두려움)/내부 지향(무력감)-외부 지향(혼란)’, 50대는 ‘여유(자기 발견)-위축(취약)/내부 지향(무력감)-외부 지향(투쟁과 인내)’, 60대는 ‘여유(성찰)-위축(상실)/내부 지향(근심)-외부 지향(불안)’으로 명명하였다. 외로움의 경우, 20대는 ‘갈등-공허/무력감-소진’, 30대는 ‘무력감-공허/불안-우울’, 40대는 ‘무력감-공허/소외감-쇠퇴’, 50대는 ‘헌신-인내/고립에 대한 두려움-앞날의 고민’, 60대는 ‘회의(세월의 고단함이 허무함으로)-애환(혼돈 속 균형)’으로 명명하였다. 본 연구는 정서․인지․행동적 측면에서의 다각적인 접근을 통해 고독과 외로움에 대한 개인의 내․외적 상태를 탐구하였다. 이는 정서에 대한 심층적인 이해를 도모하고, 삶의 안정과 정신 건강 증진에 필요한 자료 개발에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Abstract

This study developed a representative words tool for solitude and loneliness and examined the perception of the two emotions dimensionally. A word classification task was performed on adults in their 20s to 60s, and the dimensions inherent in words were discovered based on the results. The dimension of solitude was 2-dimensional at all ages, and the dimension of loneliness was 2-dimensional at all ages except those in their 60s. In the case of solitude, those in their 20s are ‘relaxation (freedom)-withdrawal(lack of confidence)/inward orientation(anxiety)-external orientation(dissatisfaction)’, and those in their 30s are ‘relaxation(exploration)-withdrawal(avoidance)/internal orientation(deficiency)-External orientation(depression)’, for those in their 40s, ‘relaxation(transition)-withdrawal(fear)/internal orientation(helplessness)-external orientation(confusion)’, for those in their 50s, ‘relaxation(self-discovery)-withdrawal(vulnerability)/internal orientation(Helplessness)-external orientation(struggle and perseverance)’, those in their 60s were named ‘leisure(reflection)-shrinkage(loss)/internal orientation(anxiety)-external orientation(anxiety)’. In the case of loneliness, those in their 20s are ‘conflict-emptiness/helplessness-exhaustion’, those in their 30s are ‘helplessness-emptiness/ anxiety-depression’, those in their 40s are ‘helplessness-emptiness/alienation-withdrawal’, and those in their 50s are ‘dedication-patience/fear of isolation-anxiety about the future’, and those in their 60s named it ‘skepticism(due to the futility of the hardships of time)-the joys and sorrow(balance in chaos)’. This study explored individual internal and external states of solitude and loneliness through a multiple approaches in terms of emotion, cognition, and behavior. This will be used to promote a deep understanding of emotions and to develop data necessary to stabilize life and promote mental health.

참고문헌 (126)

  1. Ahn, S. H., "Structure of emotion : analysis of Korean emotion words", Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 7(1), pp.107~123 (1993)
  2. Alqahtani, A., "Deep time-series clustering : A review", Electronics, 10(23), pp.1~29 (2021)[DOI]
  3. Antonopoulou, K., "Peer acceptance and friendships among primary school pupils : Associations with loneliness, self-esteem and school engagement", Educational psychology in practice, 35(3), pp.339~351 (2019)[DOI]
  4. Arnett, J. J., "Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties" (2015), Oxford University Press
  5. Averill, J. R., "The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone", pp.90~108 (2013), John Wiley & Sons
  6. Beck, I. L., "Creating robust vocabulary: Frequently asked questions and extended examples" (2008), Guilford Press
  7. Beutel, M. E., "Loneliness in the general population : prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health", BMC psychiatry, 17(1), pp.1~7 (2017)
  8. Bleidorn, W., "Personality stability and change : A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies", Psychological Bulletin, 148(7-8), pp.588~619 (2022)[DOI]
  9. Boers, F., "Opening chapter : How cognitive linguistics can foster effective vocabulary teaching", Cognitive linguistic approaches to teaching vocabulary and phraseology, 1(1), pp.1~61 (2008)
  10. Bolmsjö, I., "Existential loneliness : An attempt at an analysis of the concept and the phenomenon", Nursing ethics, 26(5), pp.1310~1325 (2019)[DOI]
  11. Brennan, E., "Digital Roots", pp.229~244 (2021), Walter de Gruyter
  12. Burger, J. M., "Individual differences in preference for solitude", Journal of Research in Personality, 29(1), pp.85~108 (1995)
  13. Bush, L. E., "Empirical selection of adjectives denoting feelings", JSAS Catalogue of Selected Documents in Psychology, 2, pp.67~ (1972)
  14. Cacioppo, J. T., "Evolutionary mechanisms for loneliness", Cognition &emotion, 28(1), pp.3~21 (2014)
  15. Cacioppo, J. T., "Loneliness : Human nature and the need for social connection" (2008), WW Norton & Company
  16. Cacioppo, J. T., "Reciprocal influences between loneliness and self-centeredness : A cross-lagged panel analysis in a population-based sample of African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian adults", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(8), pp.1125~1135 (2017)
  17. Carrasco, P. M., "Loneliness in the elderly : association with health variables, pain, and cognitive performance. A population-based study", Clinical and Health, 33(2), pp.51~58 (2022)[DOI]
  18. Chandler, P., "Cognitive load theory and the format of instruction", Cognition and instruction, 8(4), pp.293~332 (1991)
  19. Chen, X. L., "Development and psychometric properties of the solitude behavior scale", Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20(1), pp.1~10 (2012)
  20. Chen, Y., "How solitude relates to well-being in old age : A review of inter-individual differences", Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 64(1), pp.30~39 (2023)[DOI]
  21. Cho, Y. I., "A qualitative research on the experience of depression in korean men in their thirties", Journal of Social Science, 59(1), pp.329~379 (2020)[DOI]
  22. Choi, H. J., "What is reasonable purchasing decision in 20․30s? : The cause of the new consumption pattern revealed by qualitative research", Journal of Consumption Culture, 25(2), pp.15~36 (2022)[DOI]
  23. Choi, I. A., "Perspectives and challenges for geriatric medicine", The Korean Journal of Medicine, 92(3), pp.225~234 (2017)[DOI]
  24. Coplan, R. J., "The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone" (2021), John Wiley & Sons
  25. Coplan, R. J., "Seeking more solitude : Conceptualization, assessment, and implications of aloneliness", Personality and Individual Differences, 148, pp.17~26 (2019)[DOI]
  26. Coplan, R. J., "Social withdrawal and aloneliness in adolescence : Examining the implications of too much and not enough solitude", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(6), pp.1219~1233 (2021)[DOI]
  27. De Jong-Gierveld, J., "The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale", Applied psychological measurement, 9(3), pp.289~299 (1985)[DOI]
  28. Dictionary Study Group, "Dong-A’s New Korean dictionary" (2018), Dong-A publishing
  29. DiTommaso, E., "The development and initial validation of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults(SELSA)", Personality and individual differences, 14(1), pp.127~134 (1993)
  30. Elmer, T., "Getting stuck in social isolation : Solitude inertia and depressive symptoms", Journal of abnormal psychology, 129(7), pp.713~723 (2020)[DOI]
  31. Erikson, E. H., "The life cycle completed: A review" (1982), Norton
  32. Frijda, N. H., "Feelings and emotions: The loyola symposium proceedings", pp.241~250 (1970), Academic Press
  33. Galanaki, E., "Solitude in the school : A neglected facet of children's development and education", Childhood Education, 81(3), pp.128~132 (2005)[DOI]
  34. Gibson, H. B., "Loneliness in later life" (2000), St. Martin’s Press
  35. Giddens, A., "Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age" (1991), Stanford University Press
  36. Gordon, M., "Solitude and privacy : How technology is destroying our aloneness and why it matters", Technology in Society, 68, pp.101858~ (2022)[DOI]
  37. Halczak, P., "Dictionary representation of the semantics of adjectives signifying emotions", International Journal Of Lexicography, pp.ecad016~ (2023)[DOI]
  38. Han, E. H., "A novel method for modeling emotional dimensions using expansion of Russell's model", Science of Emotion & Sensibility, 20(1), pp.75~82 (2017)
  39. Hawkley, L. C., "Loneliness from young adulthood to old age : Explaining age differences in loneliness", International Journal of Behavioral Development, 46(1), pp.39~49 (2022)
  40. Hawkley, L. C., "Loneliness matters:A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms", Annals of behavioral medicine, 40(2), pp.218~227 (2010)
  41. Hawkley, L. C., "Are U. S. older adults getting lonelier? Age, period, and cohort differences", Psychology and Aging, 34(8), pp.1144~1157 (2019)
  42. Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, "Statistics on Diseases of National Interest", ~ (2022)
  43. Hipson, W. E., "Examining the language of solitude versus loneliness in tweets", Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(5), pp.1596~1610 (2021)
  44. Hong, Y. J., "Developing korean affect word list and It’s application", Korean Journal of Cognitive Science, 27(3), pp.377~406 (2016)[DOI]
  45. Hutteman, R., "Developmental tasks as a framework to study personality development in adulthood and old age", European Journal of Personality, 28(3), pp.267~278 (2014)[DOI]
  46. Hymel, S., "Loneliness in childhood and adolescence", pp.80~109 (1999), Cambridge University Press
  47. Hawkley, L. C., "Loneliness from young adulthood to old age : Explaining age differences in loneliness", International journal of behavioral development, 46(1), pp.39~49 (2022)[DOI]
  48. Hawkley, L. C., "Loneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure", Psychology and Aging, 21(1), pp.152~164 (2006)[DOI]
  49. Jang, H. J., "The development of the tool of representative emotional words to derive the emotional dimensions in the process of emotional development", Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 34(3), pp.29~58 (2020)[DOI]
  50. Jang, H. J., "Dimensional exploration inherent in korean interpersonal words", Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 35(3), pp.1~26 (2021)[DOI]
  51. Jang, H. J., "Solitude and Loneliness : Developmental Exploration of the Familiarity and Appropriateness of Words", Science of Emotion & Sensibility, 27(1), pp.13~46 (2024)[DOI]
  52. Jecker, N. S., "Ending midlife bias: New values for old age" (2020), Oxford University Press
  53. Jin, B. R., "College students’perceived economic status, social media use, relative deprivation, and loneliness", Jourmal of the HCI Society of Korea, 17(1), pp.15~23 (2022)[DOI]
  54. Johnson, H. D., "Interparental conflict and family cohesion : Predictors of loneliness, social anxiety, and social avoidance in late adolescence", Journal of adolescent research, 16(3), pp.304~318 (2001)[DOI]
  55. Kang, D. S., "A study on relating factors affecting loneliness by age group in adulthood : Focused on usan citizens", NGO Studies, 16(2), pp.301~337 (2021)[DOI]
  56. Kang, S. H., "Reactive aggression and loneliness among adolescents : A moderated mediation model of social isolation and perceived school climate", Journal of Educational Studies, 53(3), pp.125~149 (2022)
  57. Keesom, S. M., "Silence, solitude, and serotonin : neural mechanisms linking hearing loss and social isolation", Brain sciences, 10(6), pp.367~ (2020)[DOI]
  58. Kim, C. K., "A structural relationship and latent mean analysis of attachment type among perfectionism, inferiority and loneliness for children", Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders, 35(3), pp.225~246 (2019)[DOI]
  59. Kim, D. N., "Individualism, collectivism, liberalism, communitarianism and social change in korea", Korean Journal of Social Theory, 63, pp.153~196 (2023)[DOI]
  60. Kim, H. S., "The effect of digital utilization on life satisfaction of the elderly : Focusing on the moderated mediating effect of depression and social participation", Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare, 78(1), pp.41~65 (2023)[DOI]
  61. Kim, H. S., "A study on the relation of laughter index, depression and anxiety in middle-aged women", The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing, 9(2), pp.126~133 (2006)
  62. Kim, K. H., "Korea UCLA Lonelines Scale", Journal of student guidance, 16, pp.13~30 (1989)
  63. Kim, S. A., "The determinants of life satisfaction in different age groups and their policy implications", Health and Welfare Forum, 2019(4), pp.95~104 (2019)[DOI]
  64. Kim, S. J., "Loneliness and Death Anxiety among Older Adults Living in Urban and Rural Communities : The Moderating Effect of Social Capital", Journal of the Korean Gerontological Society, 39(1), pp.127~144 (2019)[DOI]
  65. Kim, S. Y., "Development and validation of discrete emotions scale(DES)", Korean Journal of Psychology : General, 32(1), pp.63~89 (2013)
  66. Kim, Y. K., "The dimensionality of clients' perceptions of counselor's factors as therapeutic factors", Korean Journal Of Counseling And Psychotherapy, 25(2), pp.203~226 (2013)
  67. 2022 Social Integration Survey, "Korea Institute of Public Administration", ~ (2023)
  68. Lay, J. C., "Alone but not lonely? Distinct types, antecedents, and correlates of older and younger adults’daily life solitude experiences in two cultural contexts", doctor, pp.2018
  69. Lay, J. C., "Choosing solitude : Age differences in situational and affective correlates of solitude-seeking in midlife and older adulthood", The Journals of Gerontology : Series B, 75(3), pp.483~493 (2020)[DOI]
  70. Lee, C. J., "Development and validation of social media emotional contagion scale(SECS)for 20s adult", The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 22(7), pp.583~598 (2022)[DOI]
  71. Lee, H. S., "Minjungseorim’s Essence Korean dictionary" (2018), Minjungseorim
  72. Lee, H. S., "Minjungseorim’s Korean dictionary" (2018), Minjungseorim
  73. Lee, S. B., "The effects of relative deprivation of youth on suicide : The serial mediation effect of prospects and social isolation", Health and Social Welfare Review, 42(2), pp.369~389 (2022)[DOI]
  74. Lee, U. Y., "Difference between loneliness in late adolescence and adulthood : Focus on validation of social and emotional loneliness scale for adults(SELSA-S)", Kookmin Social Science Reviews, 28(2), pp.219~235 (2017)[DOI]
  75. Levinson, D. J., "A conception of adult development", American Psychologist, 41(1), pp.3~13 (1986)
  76. Levinson, D. J., "Higher stages of human development: Perspectives on adult growth" (1990), Oxford University press
  77. Lin, P. H., "Is it weird to enjoy solitude? Relationship of solitude capacity with personality traits and physical and mental health in junior college students", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), pp.5060~ (2020)
  78. Long, C. R, "A comparison of positive and negative episodes of solitude", master, pp.2000
  79. Long, C. R., "Solitude experiences : Varieties, settings, and individual differences", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(5), pp.578~583 (2003)[DOI]
  80. Lutz, C., "Ethnographic perspectives on the emotion lexicon", Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation, 44, pp.399~419 (1988)[DOI]
  81. Marcoen, A., "Lonelines in pre-through late adolescence : Exploring the contributions of a multidimensional approach", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(6), pp.561~577 (1987)[DOI]
  82. Mansfield, L., "A conceptual review of loneliness in adults : Qualitative evidence synthesis", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), pp.11522~ (2021)[DOI]
  83. Marquez, J., "Neighbourhood effects on loneliness among adolescents", Journal of Public Health, 45, pp.663~675 (2023)[DOI]
  84. Marshall, N., "Analysis of power laws, shape collapses, and neural complexity : new techniques and MATLAB support via the NCC toolbox", Frontiers in physiology, 7, pp.250~ (2016)[DOI]
  85. McCrae, R. R., "Personality in adulthood:A five-factor theory perspective" (2003), Guilford Press
  86. Miller, S. A., "Developmental research methods" (2017), SAGE Publications
  87. Monterrosa-Blanco, A., "Online assessment of the perception of loneliness and associated factors in Colombian climacteric women during the COVID-19 pandemic : A cross-sectional study", Health Promotion Perspectives, 11(2), pp.230~239 (2021)[DOI]
  88. Motta, V., "Key concept: loneliness", Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 28(1), pp.71~81 (2021)[DOI]
  89. "National Institute of the Korean Language Standard Korean Dictionary"[URL]
  90. Nelson, L. J., "The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone", pp.146~162 (2021), John Wiley &Sons
  91. Nguyen, T. V. T., "Solitude as an approach to affective self-regulation", Personality and social psychology bulletin, 44(1), pp.92~106 (2018)
  92. Nguyen, T., "Alone with our thoughts : Investigation of autonomy supportive framing as a driver of enjoyment during quiet time in solitude", Collabra : Psychology, 8(1), pp.1~25 (2022)[DOI]
  93. Oh, J. A., "A study on the effects of digital literacy on the psychological wellbeing and life satisfaction of the elderly", Korean Public Management Review, 32(2), pp.319~344 (2018)[DOI]
  94. Ortony, A., "The cognitive structure of emotions" (2022), Cambridge University Press
  95. Park, I. J., "Making a list of korean emotion terms and exploring dimensions underlying them", Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 19(1), pp.109~129 (2005)
  96. Park, M. J., "Characteristics and types of loneliness, social isolation, and mental health problems in single-person households : Focusing on single-person households in Seoul", Health and Social Welfare Review, 42(4), pp.127~141 (2022)[DOI]
  97. Pavlic, E., "Outward: Adrienne Rich's Expanding Solitudes" (2021), University of Minnesota Press
  98. Plass, J. L., "Cognitive load theory", pp.65~88 (2010), Cambridge University Press
  99. Pyle, E., "Loneliness-what characteristics and circumstances are associated with feeling lonely" (2018), Office for National Statistics
  100. Qu, Q., "Application of MATLAB in signal and system", SHS Web of Conferences, 145, pp.01029~ (2022), EDP Sciences
  101. Quadt, L., "Brain-body interactions underlying the association of loneliness with mental and physical health", Neuroscience &Biobehavioral Reviews, 116, pp.283~300 (2020)[DOI]
  102. Qualter, P., "Loneliness across the life span", Perspectives on psychological science, 10(2), pp.250~264 (2015)[DOI]
  103. Radloff, L. S., "The CES-D scale : A self-report depression scale for research in the general population", Applied psychological measurement, 1(3), pp.385~401 (1977)[DOI]
  104. Rice, D. R., "Corpus-based dictionaries for sentiment analysis of specialized vocabularies", Political Science Research and Methods, 9(1), pp.20~35 (2021)[DOI]
  105. Roberts, B. W., "Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course : A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies", Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), pp.1~25 (2006)[DOI]
  106. Rocklage, M. D., "The evaluative lexicon : Adjective use as a means of assessing and distinguishing attitude valence, extremity, and emotionality", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 56, pp.214~227 (2015)[DOI]
  107. Rook, K. S., "Research on social support, loneliness, and social isolation : Toward an integration", Review of Personality & Social Psychology, 5, pp.239~264 (1984)
  108. Rødevand, L., "Polygenic overlap and shared genetic loci between loneliness, severe mental disorders, and cardiovascular disease risk factors suggest shared molecular mechanisms", Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), pp.3~ (2021)[DOI]
  109. Rubenstein, C. M., "Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy", pp.206~223 (1982), Wiley
  110. Russell, D., "The revised UCLA loneliness Scale : concurrent and discriminant validity evidence", Journal of personality and social psychology, 39(3), pp.472~480 (1980)
  111. Schmitt, N., "Vocabulary in language teaching" (2020), Cambridge university press
  112. Seo, Y. S., "The relations between self-efficacy, social support, college life adaptation and academic achievement of nursing students", Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science, 5(4), pp.1040~1047 (2017)
  113. Seo, Y. S., "Review on the Conceptual Definition and Measurement of Loneliness Experienced among Koreans", Korean Journal of Psychology : General, 39(2), pp.205~247 (2020)[DOI]
  114. Simning, A., "Depressive and anxiety symptoms in older adults with auditory, vision, and dual sensory impairment", Journal of aging and health, 31(8), pp.1353~1375 (2019)[DOI]
  115. Solmi, M., "Factors associated with loneliness : an umbrella review of observational studies", Journal of affective disorders, 271, pp.131~138 (2020)[DOI]
  116. National Quality of Life 2022 Report, "Statistics Korea", ~ (2023)
  117. Switek, M., "Life transitions and life satisfaction during young adulthood", Journal of Happiness Studies, 19, pp.297~314 (2018)[DOI]
  118. Teimouri, M., "Fragments‐expert: A graphical user interface MATLAB toolbox for classification of file fragments", Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 33(9), pp.e6154~ (2021)[DOI]
  119. Vespa A., "Association between Sense of Loneliness and Quality of Life in Older Adults with Multimorbidity", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), pp.2615~ (2023)[DOI]
  120. Weinstein, N., "Definitions of solitude in everyday life", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 49(12), pp.1663~1678 (2022)[DOI]
  121. Weiss, R. S., "Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation" (1975), MIT Press
  122. Wood L. A., "Loneliness: Physiological or linguistic analysis?", Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 2(2), pp.41~49 (1987)
  123. 2022 World Mental Health Report, "World Health Organization", ~ (2022)
  124. Yuan, J., "Preference and motivations for solitude in established adulthood : antecedents, consequences, and adulthood phase differences", Journal of Adult Development, 30(1), pp.64~77 (2023)[DOI]
  125. Zha, D., "Making sense of sensory brand experience : Constructing an integrative framework for future research", International Journal of Management Reviews, 24(1), pp.130~167 (2022)[DOI]
  126. Zupan, B., "Categorising emotion words : The influence of response options", Language and Cognition, 15(1), pp.29~52 (2023)[DOI]

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (3건)