본문 바로가기
KERD
논문

한국인의 정서 구조와 측정

The structure and measurement of Koreans’ emotion

최종안|최해연
한국사회및성격심리학회|2016.05|한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 (Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology)|제30권 제2호|pp. 89-114|DOI 10.21193/kjspp.2016.30.2.006

2

조회

0

다운로드

53

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

정서emotion부정정서긍정정서positive emotionnegative emotionbasic emotion기본정서정서 측정개별정서파생정서정서경험 일람표emotion measurementdiscrete emotionemotion index
주제분류심리과학

초록

정서 연구와 실용적 개입을 위해서는 다양한 정서들 간의 구분과 그 특성에 대한 체계적인 이해가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 한국 문화맥락에서 정서단어를 분석하여 한국인의 정서경험 구조를 이해하고 이를 측정할 자기보고 측정도구를 제안하였다. 정서 단어로써 원형성과 친숙성이 보고된 부정정서단어 32개와 긍정정서단어 20개를 선별하여 분석하였다. 대학생과 직장인 250명이(직장인 65.2%, 남자 45.6%) 정서경험 보고 자료를 요인분석한 결과, 긍정정서는 ‘애정’ ‘성취’ ‘재미’ ‘평안’ ‘감동감사’의 5개 요인, 부정정서는 ‘슬픔우울’ ‘분노혐오’ ‘불안걱정’ ‘선망질투’ ‘수치죄책’ ‘권태싫증’ ‘미분화 괴로움’의 7개의 요인구조가 추출되었다. 대학생과 직장인 360명(직장인 66.7%, 남자 46.9%)의 자료에 대해 확인적 요인분석 결과 좋은 모델적합도를 나타내었다. 각 정서범주들 사이의 상관, 각 정서범주의 경험 빈도, 연령 및 성별에 따른 정서범주 값 추이를 분석하여 한국인의 정서경험의 특성을 살펴보았다. 정서경험의 측정에 있어 자기보고 방식의 장단점과 함께, 일상생활에서 친숙하고 빈번히 사용되는 정서 경험은 보편적인 기본정서뿐 아니라 파생정서와 이차정서 등 다양한 수준의 정서들을 포함함을 논의하였다.

Abstract

It is important to examine how a variety of emotion is connected and distinguished each other for academic and practical purposes, such as developing emotion-intervention programs. In the present study, 32 negative and 20 positive words, which Koreans were familiar with and frequently used in their daily life, were used to find the structure of Koreans’ emotion and to develop a new self-reported measurement of emotional experiences. In Study 1, 250 Korean college students and office workers (65.2% office workers; 45.6% male) reported their daily experiences of emotion by completing a emotion-word list. An exploratory factor analysis revealed that positive emotion consisted of five factors, such as “affection”, “achievement”, “amusement”, “relaxedness”, and “gratitude”, whereas negative emotion consisted of seven factors, such as “sadness”, “anger”, “anxiety”, “jealousy”, “guilty”, “boredom”, and “unclassified distress.” In Study 2, we carried out a confirmatory analysis with data obtained from 360 college students and office workers (66.7% office workers; 46.9% male). The results indicated that the 5-factor model for positive emotion and the 7-factor model for negative emotion fitted the data well. Furthermore, we examined the correlations between groups of positive and negative emotion, the frequencies of the experiences of the emotion groups, and age-and gender differences in the emotion groups. Finally, the implication for the usefulness of self-reported measurements in emotion research and the importances of secondary and derivative emotion in daily experiences of emotion are discussed.

참고문헌 (87)

  1. 김경미, "감사 경험에 관한 질적 연구 -근거이론을 적용하여", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 23(3), pp.739~759 (2011), 한국상담심리학회
  2. 김경미, "성인 여성의 감사 대상, 이유 및 효과", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 21(1), pp.191~208 (2009), 한국상담심리학회
  3. 노지혜, "한국판 감사 척도의 타당화", Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(1), pp.329~354 (2012), 한국임상심리학회
  4. 박인조, "한국어 감정단어의 목록과 정서 차원 탐색", 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격, 19(1), pp.71~100 (2005), 한국사회및성격심리학회
  5. 이현희, "한국판 정적 정서 및 부적 정서 척도 (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule; PANAS)의 타당화 연구", Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22(4), pp.935~946 (2003), 한국임상심리학회
  6. 최해연, "한국의 대학생과 직장인이 경험하는 긍정정서의 구조", 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격, 26(4), pp.73~88 (2012), 한국사회및성격심리학회
  7. Armon-Jones, C., "The social construction of emotions", pp.57~82 (1986), Basil Blackwell
  8. Arnold, M. B., "Emotion and personality (Vols. 1-2)" (1960), Columbia University Press
  9. Bers, S. A., "Social-comparison jealousy : A developmental and motivational study", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, pp.766~779 (1984)
  10. Bower, G. H., "Mood and memory", American Psychologist, 36, pp.129~148 (1981)
  11. Browne, M. W., "Testing Structural Equation Models", pp.136~162 (1993), Sage
  12. Buss, A. H., "The aggression questionnaire", Journal of personality and social psychology, 63, pp.452~ (1992)
  13. Caldwell, L. L., ""Why are you bored?" : An examination of psychological and social control causes of boredom among adolescents", Journal of Leisure Research, 31, pp.103~121 (1999)
  14. Carstensen, L. L., "Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, pp.644~655 (2000)
  15. Darwin, C., "The expression of the emotions in man and animals" (1965), University of Chicago Press
  16. Davidson, R. J., "Depression : perspectives from affective neuroscience", Annual review of psychology, 53, pp.545~574 (2002)
  17. Ekman, P., "Ekman-Hager facial action exemplars" (1969), Human Interaction Laboratory, University of California
  18. Ekman, P., "Handbook of cognition and emotion, 98", pp.45~60 (1999)
  19. Ekman, P., "Emotions revealed" (2003), Times Books
  20. Ekman, P., "Emotion in the human face" (1982), Cambridge University Press
  21. Ekman, P., "Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, pp.712~717 (1987)
  22. Emmons, R. A., "Counting blessings versus burdens : Experimental studies of gratitude and subjective well-being", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, pp.377~389 (2003)
  23. Epstein, S., "The nature of anxiety with emphasis upon its relationship to expectancy", Anxiety : Current trends in theory and research, 2, pp.291~337 (1972)
  24. Fornel, C., "Evaluating structural evaluations model with unobservable variables and measurement error", Journal of Marketing Research, 18, pp.39~59 (1981)
  25. Fosha, D., "The transforming power of affect: A model for accelerated change" (2000), Basic Books
  26. Fredrickson, B. L., "Positive: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive" (2009), Crown Publishers
  27. Frijda, N. H., "The emotions" (1986), Cambridge University Press
  28. Gray, J. A., "The neuropsychology of anxiety" (1982), Oxford University Press
  29. Greenberg, L. S., "Assimilating emotion into psychotherapy integration", Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 3, pp.249~ (1993)
  30. Greenberg, L. S., "심리치료에서 정서를 어떻게 다룰 것인가" (2008), 학지사
  31. Gross, J. J., "Mappingthe the domain of expressivity : Multimethod evidence for a hierarchical model", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, pp.170~191 (1998)
  32. Guilford, J. P., "The structure of intellect", Psychological Bulletin, 53, pp.267~293 (1956)
  33. Hair, J. F., "Multivariate Data Analysis" (1998), Prentice Hall
  34. Horwitz, A. V., "Distinguishing distress from disorder as psychological outcomes of stressful social arrangements", Health, 11, pp.273~289 (2007)
  35. Izard, C. E., "The face of emotion (Vol. 23)" (1971), Appleton-Century-Crofts
  36. Izard, C. E., "Human emotions", pp.329~354 (1977), Plenum Press
  37. Izard, C. E., "The psychology of emotions" (1991), Plenum
  38. Izard, C. E., "The Psychology of facial expression" (1997), Cambridge University Press
  39. Jacoby, M., "Shame and the origins of self-esteem" (1991), Routledge
  40. James, W., "What is an emotion?", Mind, 9, pp.188~205 (1884)
  41. Kaiser, H. F., "The application of electronic computers to factor analysis", Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, pp.141~151 (1960)
  42. Kellerman, H., "Emotion-trait interrelations and the measurement of personality", Psychological Reports, 23, pp.1107~1114 (1968)
  43. Keltner, D., "Evidence for the distinctness of embarrassment, shame, and guilt : A study of recalled antecedents and facial expressions of emotion", Cognition and Emotion, 10, pp.155~171 (1996)
  44. Kitayama, S., "Culture, emotion, and well-being : Good feelings in Japan and the United States", Cognition and emotion, 14, pp.93~124 (2000)
  45. Kitayama, S., "Cultural affordances and emotional experience : Socially engaging and disengaging emotions in Japan and the United States", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, pp.890~903 (2006)
  46. Lambie, J. A., "The world and the self in emotion experience: An emotion diary investigation", Manuscript submitted for publication, ~ (2000)
  47. Lazarus, R. S., "Emotion and adaptation" (1991), Oxford University Press
  48. Lazarus, R. S., "The nature of emotion", pp.79~85 (1994), Oxford University Press
  49. LeDoux, J., "The emotional brain" (1996), Simon & Schuster
  50. Lewis, H. B., "Guilt and shame in neurosis" (1971), International
  51. Linehan, M., "Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder" (1993), Guilford
  52. Markus, H. R., "Culture and the self : Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation", Psychological Review, 98, pp.224~253 (1991)
  53. Martin, M., "The phenomenon of boredom", Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, pp.193~211 (2006)
  54. Mauro, R., "The role of appraisal in human emotions : A cross-cultural study", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, pp.301~317 (1992)
  55. Mayer, J. D., "Emotional intelligence and the construction and regulation of feelings", Applied and preventive psychology, 4, pp.197~208 (1995)
  56. McCullough, M. E., "Gratitude in"intermediate affective terrain" : Grateful moods and their links to personality and daily life events", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, pp.295~309 (2004)
  57. McDonald, R. P., "Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses", Psychological methods, 7, pp.64~82 (2002)
  58. Mesquita, B., "Culture variations in emotions : A review", Psychological Bulletin, 112, pp.179~204 (1992)
  59. Michelle N. Shiota, "정서심리학" (2015), Cengage Learning
  60. Nunnally, J., "Psychometric methods" (1978), McGraw
  61. Nunnally, J. C., "Psychometric theory" (1994), McGraw-Hill
  62. Oatley, K., "Toward a cognitive theory of emotions", Cognition and Emotion, 1, pp.29~50 (1987)
  63. Ortony, A., "The cognitive structure of emotions" (1988), Cambridge University Press
  64. Pankespp, J., "Toward a general psychobioligical theory of emotions", The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, pp.407~467 (1982)
  65. Panksepp, J., "Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions" (1998), Oxford university press
  66. Plutchik, R., "Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis" (1980), Harper & Row
  67. Plutchik, R., "Emotions in the practice of psychotherapy: Clinical implications of affect theories", pp.59~79 (2000), American Psychological Association
  68. Reber, A. S., "The penguin dictionary of psychology" (1985), Penguin Books
  69. Robinson, M. D., "Belief and feeling : evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report", Psychological bulletin, 128, pp.934~ (2002)
  70. Rozin, P., "The CAD triad hypothesis : A mapping between three moral emotions(contempt, anger, disgust)and three moral codes(community, autonomy, divinity)", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, pp.574~586 (1999)
  71. Scherer, K. R., "The role of culture in emotion-antecedent appraisal", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, pp.902~922 (1997)
  72. Sommers, J., "Boredom proneness : Its relationship to psychological and physical health symptoms", Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, pp.149~155 (2000)
  73. Spielberger, C. D., "Assessment of anger : The state-trait scale", Advances in Personality Assessment, 2, pp.161~189 (1983)
  74. Takahashi, H., "Brain activation associated with evaluative processes of guilt and embarrassment : an fMRI study", Neuroimage, 23, pp.967~974 (2004)
  75. Tangney, J. P., "Relation of shame and guilt to constructive versus destructive responses to anger across the lifespan", Journal of personality and social psychology, 70, pp.797~809 (1996)
  76. Tomkins, S., "Approaches to emotion", pp.353~400 (1984), Erlbaum
  77. Van Maanen, J., "Real feelings-emotional expression and organizational culture", Research in Organizational Behavior, 11, pp.43~103 (1989)
  78. Watson, D., "Differentiating the mood and anxiety disorders : A quadripartite model", Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, pp.221~247 (2009)
  79. Watson, D., "The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form", Unpublished manuscript. University of Iowa, Iowa City, ~ (1994)
  80. Watson, D., "Toward the structure of affect", Psychological Bulletin, 98, pp.219~235 (1985)
  81. Watson, D., "Cross-cultural convergence in the structure of mood : A Japanese replication and a comparison with U. S. findings", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, pp.127~144 (1984)
  82. Watson, D., "Development and validation of brief measures of Positive and Negative Affect : The PANAS Scales", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, pp.1063~1070 (1988)
  83. Webb, E., "Unobtrusive Measures: Non-Reactive Research in the Social. Sciences" (1966), Rand-McNally
  84. Wheaton, B., "The twain meet : distress, disorder and the continuing conundrum of categories(comment on Horwitz)", Health, 11, pp.303~319 (2007)
  85. Zeelenberg, M., "On emotion specificity in decision making : Why feeling is for doing", Judgment and Decision making, 3, pp.18~27 (2008)
  86. Zelenski, J. M., "The distribution of emotions in everyday life : A state and trait perspective from experience sampling data", Journal of Research in Personality, 34, pp.178~197 (2000)
  87. Zuckerman, M., "The Multiple Affect Adjective Check List" (1965), Eudcational and Industrial Testing Service

관련 논문AI추천

한국 정서경험척도의 개발과 타당화 연구홍창희한국임상심리학회 · Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology2004 · 제23권 제3호한국의 대학생과 직장인이 경험하는 긍정정서의 구조최해연한국사회및성격심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격2012 · 제26권 제4호개별정서척도의 개발과 타당화김송이, 노은여, 엄진섭, 유성은한국심리학회 · 한국심리학회지:일반2013 · 제32권 제1호한국어 정서 용어들의 적절성과 경험 빈도한국심리학회 · 한국심리학회지:일반2000 · 제19권 제2호Affect among Koreans: New Scales and their StructureChang-KyuAhn, JamesA.Russell, MichelleS.M.Yik한국심리학회 · 한국심리학회지:일반2003 · 제22권 제1호한국어 감정단어의 목록 작성과 차원 탐색민경환, 박인조한국사회및성격심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격2005 · 제19권 제1호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (5건)

한국판 열정 척도의 타당화 연구홍민성, 정예슬, 손영우pp. 1-26나르시시즘과 의복 이미지홍세은, 박선웅, 조민수, 한정민pp. 27-41일화기억 회상 시 질문의 순서 바꾸기가 정보인출에 미치는 영향홍유진, 김시업pp. 43-61안구운동 추적장비를 통한 거짓말자의 동공크기 및 안구운동 연구김석찬, 이장한, 최훈, 방철, 이연실, 이상현pp. 63-76Social-class differences in one’s sensitivity toward others’ preferences in both young and older adults나진경pp. 77-88
원문 보기