고령인구 변화가 지역경제에 미치는 영향
The Effects of Changes of The Aged Population on The Changes in the Regional Economy
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구는 Jarocinski(2010)의 베이지안 패널 VAR 모형, Pesaran and Shin(1998)의 일반화 충격반응과 분산분해, Yilmaz(2009)의 전이효과 지수 모형 등을 활용하여 고령인구 변화가 지역경제에 미치는 영향을 살펴본다. 실증분석결과 고령인구 1% 상승충격으로 인해 지역경제변수 중 민간소비(1인당)는 장⋅단기적으로 유의미하게 감소한다. 이는 고령인구의 민간소비(1인당)가 즉각 감소하지 않고 예상치 못한 소득감소를 경험하면서 시간에 따라 점진적으로 감소하는 경향을 설명한다. 다음으로 지역별 결과를 통해 고령인구 변화가 유소년인구, 생산가능인구 변화보다 상대적으로 GRDP(1인당), GRNI(1인당), 민간소비(1인당), 소득 역외유출 등의 변화에 대한 설명력이 모두 높은 지역이 고령화가 심화된 지역이 아니라 고령화 정도가 가장 낮게 관측되는 울산으로 확인된다. 이를 통해 단순히 고령인구의 높은 비중이 지역경제에 부정적인 변수라고 단정할 수 없음을 확인할 수 있다. 마지막으로 고령인구와 지역경제 변화 간의 영향력을 비교하면 지역경제 변화가 고령인구 변화에 미치는 영향이 더 크게 관측된다. 하지만 노령화지수와 노년부양비가 높은 지역일수록 인구구조변수의 전반적인 변화가 지역경제 변화에 영향을 주고 있음을 확인되면서 고령인구 증가와 저출산이 장기화되면, 추후 고령인구 증가에 따른 부작용이 지역 및 전국 경제에 부정적인 영향으로 급격하게 전환될 수 있음이 예상된다.
Abstract
This study uses Jarocinski (2010)'s Bayesian panel VAR model, Pesaran and Shin (1998)'s Generalized Impulse Response Function and Variance Decomposition, and Yilmaz (2009)'s Spillover Index model to analysis the effects of changes in the aged population on the local economy. According to the empirical results, due to the 1% increase in the aged population, private consumption (per capita) among regional economic variables is the Statistically significant decrease in the long term. This explains the tendency that the private consumption (per capita) of the aged population does not reduce immediately, but gradually decreases over time, experiencing an unexpected decrease in income. Next, based on the regional results, the changes in the aged population of Ulsan more explain the changes in GRDP (per capita), GRNI (per capita), private consumption (per capita), and the outflow of income better than the changes in the youth population and the working population of Ulsan which has the lowest proportion of the aged population in Korea. It can be confirmed that it cannot be concluded that the high proportion of the aged population is simply a negative variable for the local economy. Finally, when comparing the spillover effects between the changes of the aged population and the changes in regional economic situation, the spillover effects of the changes in regional economic situation on the changes of the aged population is observed to be greater. However, it is confirmed that, as the ageing index and the old-age dependency ratio are higher, the overall changes in the demographic variables have more the effects on the changes in the regional economic situation. So, if the increases in the aged population and the low birthrate are prolonged, it is expected that the side effects of the increases in the aged population may rapidly turn into negative effects on the local and national economy in the future.
참고문헌 (68)
- 김의준, "고령화의 지역경제 영향 분석: 수도권-비수도권 CGE 모형의 활용", 지역연구, 27(1), pp.19~36 (2011), 한국지역학회
- 김제안, "고령화사회가 지역의 산업구조에 미치는 영향 분석- 광주ㆍ전남지역을 중심으로 -", 산업경제연구, 18(1), pp.213~230 (2005), 한국산업경제학회
- 인구구조 고령화의 경제⋅사회적 파급효과와 대응과제, "문형표", 경제⋅인문사회연구회, ~
- 충청북도 고령친화산업의 추이와 경제효과, "박경돈", 한국은행 충북본부, ~ (2015)
- 심재권, "저출산·고령화의 인구구조변화에 따른 농촌과 도시지역의 산업구조변화 비교분석", 한국정책과학학회보, 12(2), pp.127~149 (2008), 한국정책과학학회
- 안병권, "인구고령화가 경제성장에 미치는 영향", 경제분석, 23(4), pp.1~33 (2017), 한국은행
- 이영성, "고령화가 지역경제에 미치는 영향", 국토계획, 43(7), pp.7~16 (2008), 대한국토·도시계획학회
- 장한익, "해외국채금리에 대한 국내국채금리의 동조화 변화 분석", 국제경제연구, 23(4), pp.63~102 (2017), 한국국제경제학회[DOI]
- 조하현, "인구구조변화가 경제성장에 미치는 효과 : VARX 모형을 이용한 한국(1987~2017년) 사례 분석", 한국경제연구, 37(4), pp.113~142 (2019), 한국경제연구학회[DOI]
- 울산지역의 소득분배가 상대적으로 양호한 배경 및 과제, "한국은행", 한국은행 울산본부, ~ (2014)
- 한국은행, "울산지역 고용동향 및 주요특징", 한국은행 울산본부, ~ (2019)
- 허문구, "령화시대의 생산인구 변화와 지역성자 변동경로", 지역개발연구, 49(2), pp.1~34 (2017)
- 고령화시대의 고성장지역 유형별 성장특성과 결정요인 분석, "허문구", 산업연구원, ~ (2016)
- 지역소득의 역외 유출경로 추적과 생산⋅분배소득격차 결정요인 분석, "허문구", 한국은행 경남본부, ~ (2015)
- 고령화가 지역경제에 미치는 경제효과 분석, "허문구", 산업연구원, ~ (2013)
- Acemoglu, D., "Secular Stagnation? The Effect of Aging on Economic Growth in the Age of Automation", American Economic Review, 107(5), pp.174~179 (2017)
- Aiger-Walder, B., "The effects of population ageing on private consumption: A simulation for Austria based on household data up to 2050", Eurasian Economic Review, 2(1), pp.63~80 (2012)
- Abrigo, M. R. M., "Estimation of Panel Vector Autoregression in Stata: a Package of Programs", The Stata Journal, 16(3), pp.778~804 (2016)
- Ball, C., "Population ageing and the growth of income and consumption tax revenue", New Zealand Economic Papers, 48(2), pp.169~182 (2014)
- Baltagi, B. H, "Econometric Analysis of Panel Data" (2001), John Wiley and Sons
- Banks, J., "Is There a Retirement-Savings Puzzle?", American Economic Review, 88(4), pp.769~788 (1998)
- Berbheim, B. D., "What Account for the Variation in Retirement Wealth Among US Housholds?", American Economic Review, 91(4), pp.832~857 (2001)
- Implications of Population Aging for Economic Growth, "Bloom, D. E.", Harvard School of Public Health, ~, pp.PGDA Working Paper, No. 64 (2011)
- Breitung, J., "Advances in Econometrics, Vol. 15: Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels", pp.161~178 (2000), JAI Press
- Panel vector autoregressive models: a survey, "Canova, F.", European Central Bank, ~, pp.Working Paper Series, No. 1507 (2013)
- Choi, I., "Unit root tests for panel data", Journal of International Money and Finance, 20, pp.249~272 (2000)
- Choi, K., "Population aging, economic growth, and the social transmission of human capital: An analysis with an overlapping generations model", Economic Modelling, 50, pp.138~147 (2015)
- Day, F., "Economic impact of retirement migration on the Texas Hill country", Journal of Applied Gerontology, 19(1), pp.78~94 (2000)
- The BEAR Toolbox, "Dieppe, A.", ECB, ~, pp.ECB Working Paper No. 1934 (2016)
- Engle, R. F., "Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing", Econometrica, 55(2), pp.251~276 (1987)
- On the rise of health spending and longevity, "Fonseca, R.", IZA, ~, pp.IZA Discusstion Papers, 4622 (2009)
- Gelman, A., "Prior distributions for variance parameters in hierarchical models", Bayesian Analysis, 1(3), pp.515~534 (2006)
- Gonzalez-Eiras, M., "Ageing, Government Budgets, Retirement, and Growth", European Economic Review, 56(1), pp.97~115 (2012)
- Hadri, K., "Testing for stationarity in heterogeneous panel data", The Econometrics Journal, 3(2), pp.148~161 (2000)
- Haider, S. J., "Is There a Retirement-Consumption Puzzle? Evidence Using Subjective Retirement Expectations", The Review of Economic and Statistics, 89(2), pp.247~264 (2007)
- Generational risk - Is it a Big Deal?: Simulating an 80-period OLG model with Aggregate Shocks, "Hasanhodzic, J.", NBER, ~, pp.NBER Working Paper No. 19179 (2013)
- The ecomomic analysis of population aging: implications for policy making, "Herrmann, M.", ~, pp.The WDA-HSG discussion paper series, No. 2011 (2011), 5
- Hewings, G. J. D., "Regional Science Matters", pp.187~219 (2015), Springer
- The Retirement Consumption Puzzle: Actual Spending Change in Panel Data, "Hurd, M. D.", NBER, ~, pp.NBER Working Paper Series, No. 13929 (2008)
- Ikeda, D., "The Effects of Demographic Changes on the Real Interest Rate in Japan", Japan and the World Economy, 32, pp.37~48 (2012)
- Im, K. S., "Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels", Journal of Econometrics, 115, pp.53~74 (2003)
- Jarocinski, M., "Responses to monetary policy shocks in the east and the west of Europe:a comparison", Journal of Applied Econometrics, 25(5), pp.833~868 (2010)
- Kao, C., "Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data", Journal of Econometrics, 90, pp.1~44 (1999)
- Katagiri, M., "Economic Consequences of Population Aging in Japan: Effects through Changes in Demand Structure", The Singapore Economic Review, pp.1~23 (2012)
- Endogenous Growth of the Ageing Economy with Intra-Generational Heterogeneity over Race and Migration Status, "Kim, T. J.", Regional Economics Applications Laboratory (REAL), ~, pp.Regional Economics Applications Laboratory (REAL) Discussion Papers, 10-T-2 (2010)
- Kim, K., "The extended econometric input-output model with heterogeneous household demand system", Economic System Research, 27(2), pp.257~285 (2015)
- Estimating life-cycle parameters from consumption behavior at retirement, "Laitner, J.", the National Bureau of Economic Research, ~, pp.NBER Working Paper Series, No. 11163 (2005)
- Levin, A., "Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties", Journal of Econometrics, 108, pp.1~24 (2002)
- Maddala, G. S., "A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test", Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, pp.631~652 (1999)
- Mahlberg, B., "Ageing, productivity and wages in Austria", Labout Economics, 22(100), pp.5~15 (2013)
- McCoskey, S., "Health care expenditures and GDP: Panel data unit root test results", Journal of Health Economics, 17, pp.369~376 (1998)
- The Effect of Population Aging on Economic Growth, the Labor Force and Productivity, "Maestas, N.", NBER, ~, pp.NBER Working Paper No. 22452 (2016)
- Nagarajan, R., "The impact of an ageing population on economic growth: An exploratory review of the main mechanisms", Analise Social, 51(218), pp.4~35 (2016)
- Ordu-Akkaya, B. M., "Migration policy uncertainty and stock market investor sentiment", Journal of Capital Markets Studies, 2(2), pp.136~147 (2018)
- Ours, J. C., "Age, wage and productivity in Dutch manufacturing", De Economist, 159, pp.113~137 (2011)
- Aging and the Regional Economy: Simulation Results from the Chicago CGE Model, "Park, S.", Regional Economics Applications Laboratory (REAL), ~, pp.Regional Economics Applications Laboratory (REAL) Discussion Papers, 07-T-4 (2007)
- Does a Change in Retirement Age Affect a Regional Economy? Evidence from the Chicago Economy, "Park, S.", Regional Economics Applications Laboratory (REAL), ~, pp.Regional Economics Applications Laboratory (REAL)Discussion Papers, 07-T-6 (2007)
- Pedroni, P., "Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors", Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, pp.653~678 (1999)
- Pedroni, P., "Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis", Econometric Theory, 20, pp.597~625 (2004)
- Comparing the Transmission of Monetary Policy Shock in Latin America: A Hierarchical Panel VAR, "Pérez, F.", Banco Central de Reserva del Perú, ~, pp.Working Papers 2015-015 (2015)
- Pesaran, H., "Generalized Impulse Response Analysis in Linear Multivariate Models", Economics Letters, 58, pp.17~29 (1998)
- Sukpaiboonwat, S., "Does an ageing population diminish or enhance economic growth?: A survey of literature", Meiji Journal of Political Science and Economics, 3, pp.1~10 (2014)
- Tyers, R., "Demographic Change and Policy Responses: Implications for the Global Economy", The World Economy, 30(4), pp.537~566 (2007)
- Yamada, G., "Input-output analysis on the economic impact of medical care in Japan", Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 20(5), pp.379~387 (2015)
- Du, Y., "Rising China: global challenges and opportunities", pp.301~314 (2011), Australian National University
- Yang, J., "The Emerging Market Crisis and Stock Market Linkages", Journal of Applied Econometrics, 21, pp.727~744 (2006)
- International Business Cycle Spillovers, "Yilmaz, K.", Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research, ~, pp.Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Papers, No. 0903 (2009)
- Impacts of Demographic Changes in the Chicago Region, "Yoon, S. G.", Regional Economics Applications Laboratory (REAL), ~, pp.Regional Economics Applications Laboratory (REAL) Discussion Papers, 06-T-7 (2006)
