통일 이후 동서독 지역의 젠더와 복지: 성역할, 고용, 보육서비스를 중심으로
A divergent convergence: welfare and gender in West and East German regions after the unification
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통일 이전 서독의 젠더 짜임새(gender arrangement)는 온건한 성별 분업모델인데 반해 동독은양성평등 모델이었다. 통일 이후 독일의 젠더 짜임새는 서독지역에서는 구 모델이 지속되고동독지역에서는 긴장이 야기되었던 시기(1990~1997), 사회경제적 위기를 맞아 서독지역에서 성분업의 위기가 극에 달하고 동독지역에서는 적응이 이루어진 시기(1998~2005), 독일이활력을 되찾으면서 동서독 지역 모두 젠더 짜임새의 변화가 나타난 시기(2006~)로 구별된다. 이 과정에서 동서독 지역의 젠더 짜임새는 분산적 수렴 현상(divergent convergence)이 나타나고 있다. 첫째, 양독지역 모두 여성의 파트타임이 증가하고 있지만 소득자 모델로 보면 서독지역은 시간제 고용을 통해 여성의 부가 소득자 모델이, 동독지역은 맞벌이 모델이 정착되고있다. 둘째, 보육의 사회화는 동서독 지역 모두 높아지고 있지만 동독지역은 외부적 돌봄을동반한 맞돌봄 모델로 나아가고 있는 반면, 서독지역은 돌봄의 탈가족화가 진행되고 있다. 셋째, 여성의 경제적 독립은 동독지역이 앞서 나가고 있다. 마지막으로 성 역할 인식은 크게 변동하고 있어 여성의 주요 역할을 가사와 돌봄으로 보는 보수적인 젠더관은 점점 힘을 잃어가고 있다. 젠더 짜임새의 변화를 가져온 주요 요인은 고용의 양과 질로서, 구서독모델은 지속가능성이, 구동독모델은 실현가능성이 낮아 독일의 젠더 짜임새는 같은 방향으로 변화하고있지만 지역 간 차이도 여전히 남아 있다.
Abstract
While gender arrangement of West Germany before the unification was characterized by a moderate division of labor, East German one was distinct by relative equality. After the unification developments of gender arrangements in East and West German regions have taken three phases. During the first period(1990~1997), whereas gendered division of labor in the West remained stable East German gender equality had faced a great tension. East German gender arrangement managed to have adapted to changed enviornments but, West German one was hit by socioeconomic crisis in the second period(1998~2005). In the third stage(2006~) gender arrangements in both regions have experienced qualitative change against economic revitalization. In the course of these developments gender arrangements of both regions have maintained differences although they seem to move toward a same direction owing to deficit of sustainability of Western model and that of feasibility of Eastern one respectively. Among others increasing female part-time employment has established additional breadwinner model(Zuverdinermodell) in West in contrast to the prevalence of dual breadwinner model in East. Secondly while Eastern part of Germany has marched to dual breadwinner model with external care defamilialization of child-care has proceeded moderately in West despite the common tendency toward increasing socialization of child-care to a remarkable degree. Third, East German women have better performance in economic independence than their Western sisters. But traditional idea about gender labor division regarding major role of women as house work and caring has diminished to a great degree in both regions making optimistic prospect for gender arrangement to advance toward dual breadwinner- dual (or institutional) care model.
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