독일에서의 젠더 돌봄 격차 논의와 그 함의
The Discussion on the Gender Care Gap in Germany and Its Implications
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초록
최근 독일에서 젠더평등과 관련하여 ‘젠더 돌봄 격차’를 둘러싼 논의가 활발하다. 돌봄의 책임을 분담하는 데 있어 여성과 남성 간에 나타나는 격차를 뜻하는 젠더 돌봄 격차는 그동안 독일에서도 ‘젠더 임금 격차’나 ‘젠더 연금 격차’에 비해 그다지 주목을 받지 못했다. 젠더평등의 초점이 일차적으로 동일노동 동일임금 원칙에 따라 노동시장에서의 여성과 남성 간의 임금 격차 및 이에 따라 은퇴 후에 경험하게 되는 연금 격차의 감소에 맞춰져 있었기 때문이다. 그러나 이런 노력에도 불구하고 독일에서 ‘빈곤의 여성화’가 여전히 지속되자, 그 원인을 찾아나가는 과정에서 52.4%에 이르는 심각한 젠더 돌봄 격차로 최근 새롭게 시선을 돌리게 되었다. 젠더 돌봄 격차는 여성과 남성의 삶의 기회에 상이하게 영향을 미치며, 여성과 남성에게 불균등한 자아실현 기회를 제공한다. 따라서 젠더평등의 관점에서 볼 때, 돌봄이 불평등하게 분배되고 있음을 보여주는 젠더 돌봄 격차를 중요한 사회적 문제로 인식하고 이를 극복하기 위한 방안을 탐색해 나가는 것이 무엇보다 필요하다. 이런 맥락에서, 그동안 비가시화되었던 돌봄을 가시화하는 한편으로 여성에게 주로 맡겨져 왔던 돌봄의 책임을 사회 구성원 모두가 균등하게 분배함으로써 ‘평등 돌봄’으로 나가고자 하는 독일에서의 젠더 돌봄 격차 논의가 갖는 함의는 아무리 강조해도 지나침이 없다.
Abstract
In Germany, there has been an active discussion on the ‘gender care gap’ from a perspective of gender equality. Until recently, the gender care gap, which refers to the gap between women and men in sharing care responsibilities, has received less attention in Germany compared to the ‘gender wage gap’ or ‘gender pension gap’. This is because the focus of gender equality was primarily on the reduction of the wage gap between women and men in the labor market according to the principle of equal pay for equal work, and, consequently, the pension gap experienced after retirement. However, despite these efforts, the ‘feminization of poverty’ continued to persist in Germany, and in the process of finding the cause, new attention was drawn to the serious gender care gap of 52.4%. The gender care gap affects life opportunities for women and men differently, and provides unequal opportunities for the self-realization of both genders. Therefore, from a perspective of gender equality, it is necessary to recognize the gender care gap, which shows that care is being distributed unequally, as an important social problem, and to explore ways to overcome it. In this context, the significance of the discussion on the gender care gap in Germany cannot be overstated. It seeks to achieve ‘equal care’ by distributing the responsibilities of care that have been mainly entrusted to women equally to all members of society, while making the care that has so far been largely invisible more visible.
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