동구 사회주의 국가의 붕괴와 성 불평등의 재구조화 과정: 구동독 여성의 경제적 지위 변화를 중심으로
Breakdown of the Eastern European Socialist Countries and Restructuring of the Gender Inequality: Focusing on the Ex-East German Women's Economic Status
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이 글은 국가 사회주의로부터 자본주의 시장경제로 이행하는 과정에서 성 불평등 구조가 어떠한 방식으로 전환되어갔는지, 특별히 구동독의 체제 이행 과정에 주목하여, 그 주요 메커니즘의 하나로서 여성의 경제적 지위 전환에 초점을 맞추어 이와 관련된 이슈들을 다각도로 분석해보았다. 곧 국가 사회주의 체제 하에서 성 불평등의 문제가 어떻게 자리매김 되어 왔는지 정리해보고, 구동독 체제 하에서 여성의 경제적 지위를 둘러싼 이론과 현실의 괴리를 점검해본 연후에, 구동독의 체제 이행과정에서 여성의 경제적 지위를 재구성함에 직접적 영향을 미친 주요 정책으로서 노동과 모성의 조화 정책, 노동 규제 정책 그리고 낙태권 관련 정책 등에 초점을 맞추어 체제 이행으로 인한 성 불평등 구조의 전환 과정을 탐색해보았다. 그 결과 국가 사회주의의 몰락으로부터 유사 자본주의 체제로의 전환은 여성에게는 획득과 상실의 의미를 동시에 갖는 모순과 패러독스로 가득 찬 경험을 의미하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 여기서 득실을 정확히 측정하긴 무리가 따르겠지만, 전반적으로는 실이 득을 능가하는 상황에서, 여성의 완전고용과 낙태권 보장이 국가 사회주의 체제의 우월성의 상징으로 여겨져 온 현실을 고려할 때, 체제 이행은 여성을 가정으로 되돌려 보내면서 “남성의 권리”로 여겨져 온 낙태통제권의 재확보를 의미하는 것이요. 남성의 집단 정체성을 “재점유”하는 것이자, 과거 국가 사회주의에 빼앗겼던 여성에 대한 통제권을 다시 확보하는 상징적 의미가 큰 것으로 나타났다.
Abstract
This article starts with the question, how the gender inequality structure has been transformed during the transitional period from the state socialism toward the capitalist market economy in the Eastern European countries. For the convenience of the analysis, the article focuses on the ex-East German Women's economic status before and after the transition. The reason to be shed light on the ex-East German Women's experiences are, first the ex-East German's case shows the typical “Wende”(vintage point) of the post-communist countries' transition to the capitalist system, and second, the case represents meaningful reference for the Korean Unification process, in which North Korean Women might have very similar experiences ex-East German Women have been through. In chapter Ⅱ, theoretical reviews on the how gender inequality has been established under the state socialism are presented, in chapter Ⅲ, the gap between the rhetoric of Marx-Leninism and the social realities of the ex-East German Women's is discussed, in chapter Ⅳ, the restructuring of gender inequality under the transitional period is articulated in case of the social policies aim to bring the balance between work and mothering, to regulate labor market, and the abortion policy. And in conclusion, the transition toward the capitalist market economy from the state socialism contains full of paradoxes and contradictions as far as gender inequality concerns. Re-domestification of women and the restricting women's self determination right of their body are two typical mechanisms to reinforce gender inequalities under the post-communist system. Thus it should be reconsidered whether the transition toward the post-communism means “recuperatory revolution” or not, if we focus on the women under the control of socialist patriarchal system.
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