동아시아 신흥 선진국의 여성고용: 한국과 대만 비교
Female Employment in Newly Developed Countries in East Asia: A Comparison of Korea and Taiwan
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이 논문은 한국과 대만 기혼 여성의 경제활동참가율을 비교하고 양국 차이에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 한국과 대만은 여러 가지 사회적 유사점을 갖고 있음에도 불구하고 여성의 경제활동 양상이 다르다. 한국에서는 여성고용의 이른바 M자 커브가 발견되는 것에 견주어 대만에는 그런 현상이 나타나지 않는다. 한편 한국과 달리 대만에서는 중고령 여성의 고용률이 크게 하락한다. 이런 점에서 양국 여성의 고용양상은 모두 서구 국가의 상황과 다르다. 양국 고용양상의 차이의 요인으로 기존 연구는 기업규모나 공공부문의 크기 등을 들었으나 우리는 노동시장에서의 성차별을 중시했다. 한국에 비해 대만에서는 노동시장에서의 성차별이 적으며 이것이 여성, 특히 고학력 여성의 취업을 촉진한다. 아울러 우리는 가족 구조와 가족 내에서 육아가 이루어지는 방식이 중요한 요인임을 주장했다. 대만에서는 한국에 비해 3세대 동거비율이 높은 등 가족 네크워크가 강하며 이것이 육아를 위한 자원으로 활용되어 육아기 기혼여성의 노동시장 참여를 촉진한다. 한편 대만 중고령 여성들은 일찍 노동시장에서 퇴장하여 손주를 돌보는 대신 자녀들의 경제적 지원을 받는다. 이런 양국의 상황은 동아시아 여성고용을 이해하기 위해서는 서구 중심의 기존이론을 넘어서는 시각이 필요함을 보여주고 있다.
Abstract
This study compares the patterns of economic participation of married women in Korea and Taiwan and analyzes factors to affect the variation between them. Despite social similarities in many aspects, female economic activities in Korea and Taiwan show substantial dissimilarities, some of which include the persistent 'M-curve pattern' observed only in Korea and the drastic difference in the labor force participation rate of mid-to-old age women. Contrast to previous studies that emphasized the effect of distributional differences in industry and firm size to explain such variation in female employment in East Asia, we put more weights on the effects of discrimination in the labor market and family ties. In Taiwan, relatively weak gender discrimination facilitates employment of married women, particularly women of high education. In addition, Taiwan's relatively strong family network readily available as a substituting resource for carework in the absence of mother aids employment of married women in the child rearing stage. But such strong intergenerational solidarity hampers employment of mid-to-old age women, rendering them exit early from the labor market for caring of grand children in exchange of financial support from their children. In an account of cross-national variation in female employment in East Asia, our analysis sheds new lights on the importance of social traits that are often disregarded in cross-national gender studies conducted in the Western context.
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