서구 여신담론과 관음의 젠더
The Western Goddess-Talk and Kuan Yin’s Gender
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이 논문은 동아시아 불교의 여성관음을 통해 서구 여신학/여신운동이 노정하고있는 본질주의적 성격과 젠더이분법 문제를 극복해 보려 한다. 그리고 이를 통해 젠더 차이와 해체, 본질주의와 구성주의 등으로 나뉘어 복잡한 논쟁 양상을 보이는 젠더 이론의 현상황에 새로운 시각을 제시해 보고자 한다. 40여년의 역사를 가지고 있는 서구 여신운동은 전체 페미니즘 운동의 온전성과 역량강화를 위해 중요한 함의를갖고 있으나 발전과정에서 여러 문제들을 낳았다. 그런데 동아시아 여성관음은 젠더유연성을 비롯한 독특한 존재적 특성들로 인해 대안적 여신이 될 가능성을 충분히담지하고 있다. 이 연구는 서구 여신담론 분석 대상으로서 대표적인 여신학자인 캐롤 크리스트의 여신학과 크레타 여신순례를 선택한다. 연구자는 2009년 10월 그녀가이끄는 2주간의 여신순례에 참가했다. 젠더이분법을 넘을 수 있는 관음의 독특한 특성은 “중도적 여성 정체성/주체성”으로 표현될 수 있다. 여신관음은 여성 정체성과주체성의 문제에 있어 긍정과 부정을 동시에 통합함으로써, 즉 중도적 입장을 취함으로써, 여성이면서도 여성이 아닐 수 있다. 그런데 중도적 인식의 경험을 위해서는수행적 측면이 반드시 필요하다. 이는 페미니즘의 이론과 실천 영역이 세속의 차원에만 국한되지 않고 영성의 차원으로까지 확대될 필요를 제기하는 것이다.
Abstract
This study aims to overcome the essentialist and separatist stance based on the gender binary western thealogy/goddess movement has revealed through female Kuan yin of the East Asian Buddhism. Western goddess movement, with over 40 years of history, has significant implications for wholeness and spiritual empowerment of feminist movement as a whole. However, it has raised some issues in the process of creating its own theories and praxes. Kuan yin bears unique attributes of divinity which can go beyond gender binary due to her own gender flexibility. The author chose Carol Christ’s thealogy and her Goddess Pilgrimage to Crete as main subjects for analyzing the goddess talk in the western camp. The author participated in Goddess Pilgrimage to Crete, led by Christ herself, in October, 2009, for two weeks. The unique attributes of Kuan yin going beyond gender binary can be conceptualized as ‘women’s identity/subjectivity in the middle way’. In terms of women’s identity/subjectivity, goddess Kuan yin can be both a woman and not-woman unifying affirmation and denial simultaneously. It needs to be emphasized that middle way perception of reality including gender requires spiritual practices. This suggests that feminist theories and movements need to expand into the realm of spirituality, not restricted to the secular world.
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