시각장애아동의 조기 영어 점자 교육에 관한 논쟁: 1940년대 이후 1종과 2종 점자의 교수와 관련한 요인을 중심으로
The Development of Braille Instructional Strategies in regards to Early Literacy Needs for students with visual impairments and those with additional Disabilities: Literature Review
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초록
시각장애인의 삶에 있어 점자의 중요성을 재론한다는 것은 무의미한 일인지도 모를 만큼, 이들의 일상생활, 취업, 활동에 있어 점자의 역할은 크다고 하겠다. 점자에 관한 수많은 연구가 수행되어 온 것이 사실이지만, 이중 유독 조기 점자 교육에서 약자가 미친 영향에 관한 연구를 찾기란 쉬운 일이 아니었다. 최근에 와서야 이러한 연구들이 속속 발표되고 있으며, 대부분의 전문가들이 이러한 논의를 새로운 것으로 인식하고 있으나, 정작 50여 년 전의 시각장애 교육계에서는 지금과 흡사한 형태의 논의가 존재하였던 것이 사실이다. 본 연구는 1940‐50년대에 있었던 초기 점자 교수와 여기에 사용되는 1종, 2종 점자의 영향에 대하여 살펴보고, 장래의 점자교수와 1종 2종 점자의 영향에 대한 프레임워크의 구성을 제안하고 있다. 또한 과거의 1종과 2종 점자 사용이 시각장애 아동의 읽기와 쓰기에 어떠한 영향을 주었는지 고찰하고, 1종 2종 점자의 장점과 단점을 기존 연구의 데이터로 알아보도록 한다. 이를 통하여 현재에 벌어지고 있는 조기 점자 활용의 논의와의 연관성을 살펴보고, 오늘날 전문가들이 간과하여서는 안 될 요소들을 조명해보도록 하며, 미래의 점자 교육 방향이 나아가야 할 바를 제시하고자 한다.
Abstract
Braille has served a significant role for persons with visual impairments as a means of literacy and as a symbol of independence. Among numerous studies with regards to braille, the early use of contracted and uncontracted braille has recently drawn attention from the professionals. However, such attention is not new. This article reexamines the debate from the 1940s and 1950s regarding this topic and proposes a framework for discussion and future research studies. By reviewing existing literature, the derivation of the debate, perspectives of the promoters of the early use of contracted braille, and the subcatagorical issues related to the use of uncontracted and contracted braille are discussed. In addition, the possible advantages of the early use of uncontracted braille along with the changes of the population and environmental factors are conferred. A framework for future studies and focus of discussion on this topic are suggested.
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