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자비명상 프로그램이 심리적 건강에 미치는 효과: 메타분석

Effects of Loving-Kindness & Compassion Meditation (LKCM) program on Psychological Health: A Meta-Analysis

윤석인|박희영
한국심리학회 (The Korean Psychological Association)|2023.03|한국심리학회지:일반 (Korean Journal of Psychology: General)|제42권 제1호|pp. 1-32|DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.22257/kjp.2023.3.42.1.1

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메타분석심리적 건강자기자비Psychological healthMeta-AnalysisSelf-Compassion자비명상Loving-kindness & Compassion Meditation타인자비Other-Compassion
주제분류심리과학

초록

본 연구에서는 자비명상 프로그램이 우울, 불안, 스트레스, 마음챙김, 자기자비와 같은 심리적 건강에 미치는 효과를 살펴보기 위하여, 2022년 4월 29일까지 건강한 성인을 대상으로 한 국내 학술지 논문 및 학위논문 28편을 선정하여 메타분석을 실시하였다. 수동적 통제집단(예: 대기자 통제)과 비교한 경우와 적극적 통제집단(예: 마음챙김 명상, 요가 및 기타 심리치료)과 비교한 경우를 나누어 분석하였고, 조절변인으로는 연구의 질, 출판 여부, 실험 집단 내 평균 연령 및 성별 비율, 프로그램 소집단 인원 수, 진행자의 전문성, 총 개입시간(분), 총 개입기간(주), 총 회기 수, 과제부과 여부, 자비의 대상을 설정하였다. 수동적 통제와 비교한 경우, 자비명상 프로그램은 우울에 대해 큰 효과크기, g = 1.161, 마음챙김에 대해 중간 정도의 효과 크기, g = .757, 자기자비에 대해 큰 효과크기를 보였다, g = .823. 조절효과분석 결과 마음챙김 및 자기자비 변인에서 자비의 대상에 따라 효과크기 차이가 유의하게 나타났다, 마음챙김: p = .029; 자기자비: p = .041. 즉, 자기자비명상과 타인자비명상을 함께 포함한 프로그램은 타인자비명상에만 초점을 맞춘 프로그램보다 마음챙김을 더 높였고, 자기자비명상에 초점을 맞춘 프로그램은 타인자비에 초점을 맞춘 프로그램보다 자기자비를 더 높였다. 한편 적극적 통제와 비교한 경우, 자비명상 프로그램은 마음챙김과 자기자비에 대해 유의한 효과크기를 보이지 않았으며, 변인별 연구 수가 부족하여 조절효과분석은 수행하지 못하였다. 추가적으로 연구 수가 부족했던 불안과 스트레스에 대해 탐색적으로 통제집단 유형을 통합하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 불안과 스트레스 모두 중간 정도의 효과크기를 보였다, 불안: g = .709; 스트레스: g = .557. 조절효과분석은 변인별 연구 수가 부족하여 수행하지 않았다. 연구의 질, 표준화된 프로그램 여부와 관련하여 민감도 분석을 수행한 결과, 표준화된 프로그램의 사례를 제외했을 때 자기자비에서의 큰 효과크기가 중간 정도의 효과크기로 떨어짐을 알 수 있었다. 전반적으로 출판 편향의 위험은 높지 않았다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 주요 시사점과 추후 연구 제언을 논의했다.

Abstract

In this study, in order to examine the effects of LKCM program on psychological health such as depression, anxiety, stress, mindfulness, and self-compassion, 28 domestic articles and dissertations targeting healthy adults up to April 29, 2022 were selected and meta-analyzed. The case compared to the passive control group (e.g., wait-list control) and the case compared to the active control group (e.g., mindfulness meditation, yoga, and other psychotherapy) were analyzed separately, and the moderating variables were the quality of the study, publication status, the average age and gender ratio in the experimental group, the number of people in the program subgroup, practitioner's expertise and the total intervention time (minutes), the total intervention period (weeks), the total number of sessions, whether or not assignments are given, and the subject of loving-kindness & compassion (LKC). Compared with passive control, LKCM program had a large effect size for depression, g = 1.161, a medium effect size for mindfulness, g = .757, a large effect size for self-compassion, g = .823. As a result of the moderating effect analysis, the difference in effect size according to the object of LKC in mindfulness and self-compassion was significant, mindfulness: p = .029; self-compassion: p = .041. In other words, the program including self-compassion meditation and other-compassion meditation showed higher levels of mindfulness than the program focusing only on other-compassion meditation, and the program focusing on self-compassion meditation showed higher levels of self-compassion than the program focusing on other-compassion meditation. On the other hand, when compared with active control, LKCM program did not show a significant effect size for mindfulness and self-compassion. Additionally, the control group types were integrated and analyzed for anxiety and stress, which were insufficient in the number of studies. As a result, both anxiety and stress had midium effect sizes, anxiety: g = .709; stress: g = .557. Moderation effect analysis was not performed due to the insufficient number of studies per variable. As a result of performing sensitivity analysis in relation to the quality of the study and whether it was a standardized program, it was found that the large effect size of self-compassion dropped to a medium effect size when the cases of the standardized program were excluded. Overall, the risk of publication bias was not high. Based on the results of this study, major implications and suggestions for future research were discussed.

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