미국 교육감 선출제도의 변화: 단체장 책임제의 성공과 실패
The Mayoral Control on Education in the United States
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초록
미국에서는 비교적 최근 대도시를 중심으로 시장이 교육감 또는 교육위원을 선임하는 단체장통제 (Mayoral Control)를 실시하는 비전통적인 교육 거버넌스가 출현하였다. 1992년 보스턴, 1995년 시카고, 뉴욕은 2002년에 시작되어 지금에 이르고 있다. 디트로이트(1999년-2004년 시행)와 워싱턴 DC(2000년–2010년 시행)의 경우는 단체장이 임명하던 시절이 있다가 전통적인 방식으로 회귀하였다. 본 연구는 미국의 새로운 지방교육자지 거버넌스인 단체장 통제의 동향을 살펴보고 성공과 실패 요인에 대해 분석하여, 현행 광역자치단체 수준에서 이루어지고 있는 한국의 지방교육자치의 정당성과 효율성을 평가할 수 있는 실마리를 제시하고, 교육감 선출제도 관련 논의에 시사점을 제공한다.
Abstract
A mayoral control, a new governance structure on the local education, has emerged among major cities in the United States since 1990s. In this system, mayors appoints the members of school committee and the superintendent, instead of the election by the citizens. This type of new governance started and consolidated in Boston(1992), Chicago(2002) and New York(2002). However, Detroit and Washington D.C. adopted the mayoral control on the education and returned to the traditional elected school committee. We survey the trends of the mayoral control in the United States and figure out the factors affecting the success and the failure of the new governance. The analysis will be useful to evaluate the legitimacy and the effectiveness of the local education governance in Korea and to provide implications for the discussions on the change of electoral law for superintendent.
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