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공급네트워크 구조와 재고 비용 성과의 관계

Relationship between Supply Network Structure and Inventory Cost Performance

박철순|김성학
한국생산관리학회 (The Korean Production And Operations Management Society)|2017.02|한국생산관리학회지 (Journal of the Korean Production and Operations Management Society)|제28권 제1호|pp. 17-46|DOI 10.21131/kopoms.28.1.201702.17

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키워드

공급네트워크supply network행위자 기반 모형네트워크 구조평균 경로 길이network structureaverage path lengthagent-based model
주제분류경영학

초록

최근 공급 사슬을 네트워크 관점에서 바라보는 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있음에도 불구하고 아직까지 네트워크 구조와 성과 간의 관계를 명확히 밝히는데 한계가 있었다. 우리는 이론적 배경을 바탕으로 공급네트워크의 성과가 공급네트워크의 구조에 따라서 달라질 수 있음을 가설로 제시하였다. 이를 검정하기 위해 공급사슬의 대표적인 모형인 비어게임을 네트워크 형태로 확장한 행위자 기반 모형을 세우고 모의실험을 진행하였다. 구조화된 실험 설계를 통한 모의실험으로 얻은 방대한 데이터를 분석한 결과 공급네트워크의 구조를 나타내는 지표 중 하나인 평균 경로 길이(average path length)와 성과 간에 역U자 관계가 있음을 밝혔다. 다시 말해, 공급네트워크의 참여 기업 간 논리적 거리가 가깝거나 먼 경우가 논리적 거리가 중간 정도인 경우에 비해 공급네트워크 재고 비용이 낮게 나타났다. 나아가 이러한 구조와 성과의 역U자 관계는 리드타임이 길수록, 단위당 재고 유지비용이 클수록 강화됨을 확인했다. 또한, 주문 정책에 따라 역U자 관계가 다르게 나타남을 보였다.

Abstract

Although supply chain research with a network perspective has been growing fast recently, there are some limitations to verifying a relationship between supply network structure and performance due to the lack of data availability and the complexity of mathematical modeling. Based on a theoretical background, we propose a hypothesis that suggests a curvilinear relationship between supply network structure and performance. In order to test the hypothesis, we develop an agent-based model that extends the Beer Distribution Game from a serial chain to a complex network structure. The model considers different factors that may affect the supply network performance such as lead time, ordering policy, demand pattern, and product cost characteristics. Through deliberately structured simulation experiments, we develop a huge data set at the supply network level. The results show that there is an inverted-U relationship between the average path length (APL) of a supply network and its performance. In other words, supply network performance increases and then decreases as its APL increases. This means that we may achieve minimum supply network costs when the supply network structure is either centralized such as with a hub and spoke structure or decentralized as with a tree structure. Furthermore, the inverted-U relationship between structure and performance is moderated by lead time, ordering policy and unit inventory holding cost. As the overall lead time of supply network members increases or the unit inventory holding cost rises, the slope of the inverted-U shape steepens.

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