구원의 수효에 관련된 다수와 소수에 대한 칼빈의 인식: 칼빈주의 제한속죄 논쟁을 중심으로
Calvin’s Recognition of the Majority and the Minority in the Number Related to Salvation: Focusing on Calvinism’s Controversy over Limited Atonement
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본 논문은 구원의 범위와 관련해서, 칼빈신학에 나타난 다수(多數)와 소수(少數)에 대한 수효(數爻)를 다룬다. 그리스도의 속죄의 범위와 관련해서 롬바르드의 충분성과 유효성의 명제가 중세 이후로 개혁파 신학에도 큰 영향을 끼쳤다. 그의 관점으로 속죄와 구원의 범위에 대해 칼빈신학을 연구하는 분위기가 역사 속에서 형성되었다. 도르트 총회를 기준하여 알미니우스와 그를 따르는 항론파와 가설적 보편설을 주장했던 아미랄두스나 다버넌트는 롬바르드에게서 영향을 받았다. 이후 로버트 켄달에 의해 칼빈신학에 보편속죄가 있다는 주장이 제기되어 논쟁이 있었다. 로저 니콜이나 폴 헬름 그리고 리처드 멀러 등에 의해 그의 이론은 비판을 받았고, 더 이상의 파장을 일으키지 못했다. 그러나 롬바르드의 영향을 받은 칼빈주의 학자들 안에서 19세기에 형성된 칼빈주의 5대강령 중에 제한속죄를 문제 삼기 시작했다. 그리하여 TULIP의 이니셜을 포기해야 하고, 제한속죄의 L은 더욱 폐기해야 한다는 운동이 전개되고 있다. 이들은 제한 대신 한정 또는 확정이라는 용어를 사용하여 한정속죄와 한정의 범위를 주장하였다. 제한은 숫자를 정하는 뉘앙스가 강하기 때문에, 이를 대신해서 선택이라는 정해진 것이 있지만, 정함의 규모와 범위를 알 수 없는 한정이라는 용어를 선택하자는 것이었다. 또한 그들은 칼빈신학에는 숫자를 제한하는 용어가 나타나지 않는다고 말한다. 그러나 본 논문은 과연 이들의 주장대로 칼빈이 충분성과 유효성의 관점으로 이에 대한 자신의 신학을 전개했는지 살핀다. 또한 칼빈이 사용한 다수와 소수의 용어와 그 개념이 어떠한 지를 살펴 그들의 주장과 토론한다.
Abstract
In relation to the scope of salvation, this paper deals with the number of the majority and the minority in Calvin’s theology. Regarding the scope of Christ’s atonement, the thesis of sufficiency and effectiveness of the Petrus Lombardus has had a great influence on Reformed theology since the Middle Ages. From his point of view, the atmosphere of studying Calvin’s theology on the scope of atonement and salvation was formed in history. Based on the Synod of Dort, Arminius, the Remonstrants who followed him, and Amiraldus or Davenant, who argued for hypothetical universalism, were influenced by Lombardus. Later, Robert Kendall argued that there was a universal atonement in Calvin’s theology, and there was controversy. His theory was criticized by Roger Nicol, Paul Helm, and Richard Muller, etc., and it did not make any further waves. However, among the Calvinist scholars influenced by Lombardus, among the five points of Calvinism formed in the 19th century, limited atonement began to be questioned. Thus, a movement is being developed that the initial of TULIP should be abandoned, and the L of limited atonement should be further discarded. They insisted on the scope of definite atonement by using the terms definite instead of limited. Since limitation has a strong nuance of determining a number, they wanted to choose the term ‘definite’ instead, in which there is a fixed thing called choice, but the scale and scope of determination are unknown. Also, they say that in Calvin’s theology no term limiting numbers appears. However, this thesis examines whether Calvin developed his theology from the viewpoint of sufficiency and effectiveness as they argued. In addition, we look at the terms and concepts of majority and minority that Calvin used and discuss their arguments.
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