秦은 인력을 어떻게 장악하고 운용하였는가? ― 戰國~秦 帝國 시기 勞動 使役의 원칙 ―

Abstract

This study examines how the Qin state, from the Warring States period through its unification, addressed the labor demands necessary for national administration by mobilizing specific categories of manpower in particular ways. The Qin established and utilized laborer-servants (Tu-li) of subordinate status, thereby forcibly securing control over manpower. The fact that the titles of each laborer-servant (Lichenqie, Chengdan-chong, Guixin-baican, Sikou, Hou) are derived from specific types of labor suggests that each tu-li status was established to meet the labor demands of specific tasks. The phenomenon of criminals being reorganized into specific statuses and assigned to specific labor duties first appeared during the Warring States period. With the emergence of territorial states, the types of labor required also increased. However, since the state-controlled manpower resources were limited, it was not possible to allocate manpower equally across all tasks. Therefore, it was necessary to "select and concentrate" on labor tasks where manpower would be intensively deployed according to state needs. By synthesizing the Account Book of Laborers (Zuotubu) from the Liye Qinjian and the Qin Code, which record the labor assignments of laborer-servants, it is evident that the Qin state concentrated laborer-servants and overseers on the following tasks: ① state farm cultivation, ② state-run handicraft industries, ③ assistance to government officials, ④ construction and maintenance, and ⑤ material transportation. Although the primary manpower resource of the Qin was laborer-servants, the Qin state also mobilized common people (Qianshou). These commoners were the main taxpayers and the foundation of the Qin's imperial rule, and thus could not be equated with the laborer-servants. Furthermore, even among the laborer-servants, different treatments were applied according to the severity of their crimes. For these two reasons, the Qin state prioritized manpower allocation based on status. The general principle was that laborer-servants were utilized for almost all tasks before commoners, and among the laborer-servants, Chengdan-chong and Guixin-baican were employed without restriction for more arduous labor compared to Lichenqie. This principle was faithfully reflected in actual labor assignments.