17⋅18세기 영국 선원의 사회사에 대한 이해 - 계급론 vs. 비(非)계급론
Approaches to the Social history of English Sailors in the 17th and 18th Centuries - Class vs. Non-Class
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초록
근대 초기 영국 선원의 사회사는 두 개의 상충하는 시각에서 연구되어왔다. 그것은 선원을 계급론에 입각해서 보는 시각과 이런 시각을 비판하며 선원을 비계급적으로 파악하는 시각이다. 이 글은 이 두 시각을 대표하는 학자들의 연구 성과를 중심으로 근대 초기 영국 선원에 대한 접근 방법을 보수, 규율, 계급의식이라는 쟁점을 통해 살펴보면서 이 시기 영국 선원을 어떻게 바라보아야 할지를 검토하고자 했다. 결론적으로 말해, 계급적 시각을 대표하는 연구자인 마커스 레디커는 근대 초기 영국 선원이 “가장 초기의 그리고 최대의 자유 임금노동자 집단”이었음을 밝혀내는 뛰어난 성과를 거두었다. 하지만 그는 자신의 연구가 ‘노동계급 형성의 역사’에 입각해 있음을 밝히면서도 사실상 복합적이고 다층적인 관계망 속의 선원을 ‘노동자 집단→노동계급→프롤레타리아트’라는 단선적인 도식적 설명으로 그려내는 데 그친다. 따라서 이를 정확히 지적하면서 근대 초기 영국 선원의 다양한 면모를 보여주고자 하는 비계급적 시각의 학자들의 성과는 충분히 인정할 만하다. 그렇지만 이들은 선원에게서 ‘계급’이라는 꼬리표를 떼는 데 급급한 나머지 당시 선원이 근대 산업 사회로의 전환을 겪으며 거칠게 요동치던 영국 사회에 규정되며 지녔던 계급성을 충분히 보여주지는 못한다. 사실 그들이 제시했던 선원의 다채로운 면모 속에는 계급성을 드러내는 요소들이 명확히 존재했음에도 말이다. ‘노동계급 형성의 역사’에 전범을 제시했던 E,P. 톰슨은 계급을 “역사적 현상”이라고 하며, 그것을 “인간관계에서 실제로 일어나는… 그 어떤 것”으로 보아야 한다고 조언했다. 그의 조언은 근대 초기 영국 선원에 접근하는 시각에 기초를 제공하며, 아울러 노동자만이 아니라 역사 속의 사회적 주체에 관심을 가진 모든 이에게도 여전히 중요한 혜안을 제시한다.
Abstract
The social history of the early modern English sailors has been studied from two conflicting perspectives:Perspectives of class and non-class. Focusing on the historical findings of scholars representing these two views, this article tried to examine how to view the early modern English seamen looking at the approaches to them through the issues of wage, discipline, and class-consciousness, In conclusion, Marcus Rediker, a scholar representative of class perspective, has made a remarkable achievement in identifying that the early modern English seamen were “one of the earliest and most numerous groups of free wage laborers”, However, while declaring that his research is based on the 'history of Working-Class Formation', he has committed the fallacy of describing the sailors in the complex and multiple networks with a linear scheme of 'workers' group → working-class → proletariat'. Thus, it is fully recognizable that scholars from a non-class perspective have rightly pointed this out and shown the various aspects of the early modern English seamen. Nevertheless, they has been so eager to remove the label of 'class' from the seamen that they has failed to fully show the classness of the sailors who had been defined by English society, which was fluctuating roughly in the transition to modern industrial society at the time. E.P. Thompson who gave an example to the 'history of Working-Class Formation' said that the class is “an historical phenomeno”,, and advised that it should be viewed as “something which in fact happens … in human relationship”,. His advice not only provides the basis for a research perspective on approaching the early modern English sailors, but also presents important insights for anyone who is still interested in the social subjects that exist in history.
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