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유럽 선사 및 고대 시기의 민족과 민족적 경계에 대한고고학 이론과 방법론의 검토

The Current State of Research on the Mohe in Koguryo History and Remaining Challenges

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키워드

주제분류역사학

초록

이 글에서는 고고학 연구에서 전제되어 온 민족 (종족)과 민족적 (종족적) 경계에 대한 이론과 방법론, 그리고 이러한 이론과 방법론이 가지고 있는 여러 문제들에 대해 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 형식 분류와 시공간상에서 유형 및 문화의 설정, 그리고 이를 종족 집단 혹은 민족 집단과 연관시켜 설명하고자 하는 문화사 고고학의 시도는 엄밀한 이론적 기반 위에서 성립된 것은 아니라는 점을 확인할 수 있었다. 그 결과 또한 매우 임의적이며 주관적일 수 있고 따라서 연구의 시작 단계에서 이러한 시도의 필요성이 인정된다고 하더라도 그 결과는 최종적인 것이 아닌 잠정적인 것으로 받아들일 필요가 있다고 할 수 있다. 문헌 기록 자체는 대부분의 경우 단편적이거나 불완전하며 고고학 자료 역시 직접적으로 종족 혹은 민족적 정체성을 직접적으로 반영하지 않으며 그것의 공간적 범위 역시 곧바로 근대적 의미의 국경과 같은 경계나 영토를 의미하지는 않기 때문이다. 오히려 이러한 공간적 범위는 일종의 활동 가능 영역이나 이동 범위로, 그리고 그 과정에서 설정되는 경계는 문화 접변과 문화 동화와 같은 활발한 문화 교류가 일어났던 역동적이고 능동적인 장소로 파악하는 것이 훨씬 합리적일 수 있다. 문화사 고고학의 연구 성과가 적어도 근대 고고학의 시작단계에서는 어느 정도 의미를 가질 수 있었고 실제로 나름의 기여를 한 것도 사실이다. 그렇지만 민족 (종족)과 민족적 (종족적) 경계를 찾기 위해 사용된 문화사 고고학의 이론과 방법론, 그리고 여기에서 도출되는 결론은 더 높은 수준의 다양한 연구를 진행하기 위해 필요한 하나의 필요절차이자 단계일 뿐 그 자체가 자기 완결적이며 따라서 변할 수 없고 변해서도 안 되는 유일무이한 방법론은 아니라는 점을 염두에 둘 필요가 있다.

Abstract

This article examines various archaeological theories and methodologies adopted to find specific nation (ethnic group) and its boundary, and many flaws inherent to these theories and methodologies. As a result, it is confirmed that any attempts made by cultural historical approach, for instance, establishment of archaeological assemblage and culture based upon typology and its association with nation (ethnic group) and its boundary, were not based at rigid theoretical argument and consideration. The results drawn from these attempts also seem to be very arbitrary and subjective. Therefore, even if those attempts would be needed at the first stage of research, the results drawn should be recognised as tentative one. This is because historical documents tend to be partial and imperfect in many cases, and archaeological data would not reflect the identities of nation and ethnic group directly. Furthermore, their (possible) boundary on space drawn from these historical documents and archaeological data, would indicate a sort of feasible area for various social action or a possible route for move rather than modern concept of border or territory. And it would be also much more reasonable to recognise the boundary as an active and dynamic place on which various cultural exchange such as cultural assimilation and acculturation would take place. It seems true that some attempts and their achievement made by cultural historical archaeology were significant and meaningful to some extents and that they contributed to a better understanding at the starting stage of modern archaeology. Nevertheless, it should be reminded that archaeological theories and methodologies adopted by cultural historical approach to find nation (ethnic group) and its boundary and the results drawn from these attempts, are just a step and process necessary for further research and that they should not be accepted as self-evident, unchangeable and untouchable ones.

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