유엔과 보호책임 (Responsibility to Protect)
Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and the United Nations
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보호책임(Responsibility to Protect：R2P)은 인도적 개입에 대한 국제사회의 논란이커지는 가운데, “주권은 책임”이요, “인권은 개별국가의 주권을 넘어설 수 있는 가치”라는 새로운 규범을 지구촌에 정착시키고 전 지구적인 인식변화를 유도하는 “첫걸음”이라 평가할 수 있다. 그러나 R2P에 대한 개념과 원칙 및 이행방안을 둘러싼 국가별다양한 입장과 국제사회의 찬반론을 고려하여 이를 어떻게 발전시켜야 하는가에 대한진지한 학문적, 정책적 노력이 수반되어야 할 것이다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 논문은 반인도적 범죄나 인권유린을 막기 위해 유엔을 중심으로발전한 R2P의 기원과 개념, 전개과정 및 주요 쟁점 등을 살펴보았다. 특히 R2P는 국제사회가 인도적 위기상황에 대응 혹은 개입하는데 있어 어떠한 규범적, 법적 근거를제공하는가? R2P는 기존 인도적 개입이 가진 한계를 극복한 것인가? 유엔이 인정하는 R2P의 범주에 따라 이를 실제상황에 적용할 시 어떠한 한계점이 있는가? 등의 질문에 답하기 위해 수단 다르푸르 인종학살 사례, 러시아의 남오세티아 개입과 전쟁,미얀마 사이클론 시 군사정부의 국제사회 지원거부 등의 사례연구를 통해 R2P가 실제상황에 적용될 시 어떠한 효율성과 한계가 있는지 고찰하였다. 결론적으로 대량학살, 인종청소, 전쟁범죄, 반인도적 범죄 등 4대 범죄에 국한된 협의의 R2P는 수단 다르푸르나 미얀마 사이클론 사태와 같은 상황이 발생했을 시 민간인보호에 한계가 있다. 하지만 R2P의 범주를 넓힐 경우 광의의 R2P 의제들이 주관적이고 모호한 개입을 불러일으킨다는 비판을 받아, 유엔이 합의한 협의의 R2P 개념을 행동으로 옮기기 위한 국제사회의 노력마저 무산될 수도 있다. 따라서 협의의 R2P를 원칙으로 하되, 특수한 상황이 발생했을 시 R2P 개념의 발전적 적용에 대한 국제사회의 합의를 이끌어낼 수 있는 유엔의 리더십과 회원국들의 정치적 융통성이 수반될 필요가 있다.
Abstract
The term “responsibility to protect”, known as R2P or RTP, is a concept that redefined sovereignty as responsibility rather than control or previledge. It emerged as a viable normative framework that combine sovereignty with intervention by adding the concept of responsibility. The shift from the “right to intervene” to R2P has garnered broad support from the states, the United Nations, the academic community and as well as from the civil society. The UN’s dilemmas begs the question of how to incorporate the idea of respecting state sovereignty, necessity of humanitarian intervention, and “responsible”responses to crime against humanity altogether in its mission. This reflects why the “lessons learned from the past” have failed to avoid recurring problems of UN peacekeeping operations, why its authority has been frequently ignored when humanitarian military intervention was initiated mainly by strong powers. Concerning R2P, what is different from humanitarian intervention? What are the legal and moral grounds for R2P in the international community? What are the limitations and difficulties when applying the concepts and principles of R2P to the real world situations?To entertain these questions, this paper discusses the origin, concepts,development, and controversies of R2P. Citing the cases of Sudan’s Darfur crisis,Russia’s South Ossetian incursion, and Myanmar cyclone, the paper examines whether a broader scope or concept of R2P is useful and viable. In conclusion, it is noted that the concept and measures of R2P, whether or not it will be an ideal alternative to the current, controversial practice of humanitarian military intervention, should be further elaborated in legal, normative, and operational manners. At this time, it is realistic to restrict R2P’s scope to four crimes, as advocated by the UN Secretary-General and most member states. In a longer term, however,it would be ultimately beneficial to devise effective ways to expand and apply R2P to countering complex emergencies and to promoting the securitization process of humanitarian issues. For this, UN leadership and the political flexibility of member states are required.
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