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보호책임(Responsibility to Protect)의 실행에 관한 비판적 고찰: 2011년 리비아 사례를 중심으로

A Critical Review on the Implementation of the Responsibility to Protect: the Case of Libya in 2011

한수진|최재훈
한국아프리카학회 (Korean Association Of African Studies)|2022.06|한국아프리카 학회지 (Journal of the Korean Association of African Studies)|제65권 |pp. 193-222

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키워드

NATO보호책임나토리비아Libya유엔 안전보장이사회정당한 전쟁 이론UN Security CouncilResponsibility to Protect책임으로서의 주권Sovereignty as ResponsibilityJust War theory
주제분류학제간연구

초록

보호책임(Responsibility To Protect)은 1990년대 들어 세계 곳곳에서 벌어지는 대규모 인권 침해와 국가 폭력에 대해 국제 사회가 더 이상 주권의 불가침성을 이유로 방관자에 머물러서는 안 된다는 이른바 “다시는 안 돼(Never Again)”라는 자성에서 비롯된 개념이자 원칙이다. 2005년 유엔 세계정상회의에서 국제 사회의 동의를 얻은 보호책임 원칙은 2011년 리비아 내전에서 역사상 최초로 당사국 정부의 동의 없는 국제 사회의 군사 개입을 가능케 한 이념적 토대가 되었다. 그러나 나토 연합군의 주도로 이뤄진 리비아 군사 개입은 그 실행 적법성과 실체적 정당성 측면에서 많은 의문이 제기되었다. 본 연구에서는 보호책임 원칙의 논리적 기반인 ‘정당한 전쟁 이론(Just War Theory)’에서 제시한 6가지 정당성 판단 기준으로 리비아 군사 개입의 적법성과 정당성을 따져 보았다. 그 결과 나토 연합군의 군사 개입은 민간인 보호보다는 정권 교체라는 외부적 동기가 크게 작용했으며, 집단 학살이 임박했다는 증거가 확실히 입증되지 않은 상태에서 비군사적인 해결을 위한 충분한 노력을 기울이지 않은 채 섣불리 이뤄졌다는 결론에 도달했다.

Abstract

Responsibility to Protect is a concept and principle derived from reflecting that the international community should no longer remain indifferent to mass human rights violations. In the 2011 Libyan civil war, it became the ideological foundation that enabled the United Nations Security Council to mandate military intervention to member states without the consent of a sovereign country’s government for the first time in its history. However, contrary to the positive evaluation of the early days, the NATO military intervention in Libya has raised many questions regarding its legality and substantive justification over time. This article attempted to examine whether Responsibility to Protect principle was adequately applied and implemented in Libya in 2011. Furthermore, it ultimately tried to evaluate whether that principle could be a solution in the face of various conflicts resulting massive human rights violations. For this purpose, this paper used the six criteria for judging the justification of military action suggested in the “Just War Theory.” As a result, this article concluded that NATO's military intervention in Libya was driven by an external motive of regime change rather than the protection of civilians. In addition, it determined that the military action at the time was prematurely carried out without making sufficient efforts for non-military solutions, while the evidence showing genocide was imminent was not proven.

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