Potential Harmful Effects of Bulk Titanium Dioxide in Risk and Hazard Assessment
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
In 2010, approximately 400,000 tons of titanium dioxide (TiO2) was produced, used and imported in Korea. TiO2 is mainly used as a pigment in paints and paint additives and as a white colorant in foods, cosmetics, drugs, sunscreen, textiles, and toothpaste. To control risks and manage the health and safety concerns of TiO2, the potential risk assessment of TiO2 in humans was investigated in this article. All available reliable studies that investigated TiO2 toxicity were collected by searching the literature for relevant papers. For filling the data gap, the reproductive and developmental toxicity of TiO2 was evaluated using rats. The particle size of TiO2 assessed in this report was >100 nm (except nano-sized TiO2). In repeated inhalation toxicity test, the lung lymph node burdens of TiO2 increased in a concentration-dependent manner and inflammation was noted in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. The tumors observed in rats are thought to be secondary to particle overload in inhalation carcinogenicity studies. There was no indication of any reproductive toxicity in parent animals or developmental toxicity in pups. This study indicated that TiO2 possesses properties that have potential harmful impact on human health due to repeated dose toxicity and carcinogenicity via inhalation.
Abstract
In 2010, approximately 400,000 tons of titanium dioxide (TiO2) was produced, used and imported in Korea. TiO2 is mainly used as a pigment in paints and paint additives and as a white colorant in foods, cosmetics, drugs, sunscreen, textiles, and toothpaste. To control risks and manage the health and safety concerns of TiO2, the potential risk assessment of TiO2 in humans was investigated in this article. All available reliable studies that investigated TiO2 toxicity were collected by searching the literature for relevant papers. For filling the data gap, the reproductive and developmental toxicity of TiO2 was evaluated using rats. The particle size of TiO2 assessed in this report was >100 nm (except nano-sized TiO2). In repeated inhalation toxicity test, the lung lymph node burdens of TiO2 increased in a concentration-dependent manner and inflammation was noted in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. The tumors observed in rats are thought to be secondary to particle overload in inhalation carcinogenicity studies. There was no indication of any reproductive toxicity in parent animals or developmental toxicity in pups. This study indicated that TiO2 possesses properties that have potential harmful impact on human health due to repeated dose toxicity and carcinogenicity via inhalation.
참고문헌 (32)
- NIER(National Institute of Environmental Research)Korea., "Survey on circulation volume and use pattern of titanium dioxide", The Republic of Korea, ~ (2011)
- NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) Department of Health and Human Services, "Occupational Exposure to Titanium Dioxide", ~ (2011)
- Jovanovic B, "Critical review of public health regulations of titanium dioxide, a human food additive", Integr Environ Assess Manag, 11(1), pp.10~20
- "Titanium Dioxide Smoke. In Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants, Volume 2. Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants, National Research Council" (1999)[URL]
- Lewis RJ., "Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 14th ed. ISBN 0-471-05532-8" (2002), John Wiley &Sons
- Kosikowski., "Application of titanium dioxide to white mozzarella cheese", J. Dairy Sci, 52, pp.968~970 (1969)
- Lorenz K, "Functional and sensory properties of titanium dioxide as a flour and bread additive. Food Prod", Develop, 7, pp.93~98 (1973)
- Carlson PO., "Clouding agents for incorporation into a dry beverage mix", US Patent 3 658 552, ~ (1972)
- Detert. ER, "Tobacco wrapping especially for cigarettes", German Patent 2 008 150[21, ~ (1971)
- "International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria 24" (1982)[URL]
- "Test No. 421: Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test" (1995)[URL]
- Repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study of Titanium dioxide in SD rats, "NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research)Korea", ~, pp.TBH-547 (KG-2011-222 (2011)
- "ECHA Chem, Registered substance-Titanium dioxide" (2006)[URL]
- Wang J, "Acute toxicity and biodistribution of different sized titanium dioxide particles in mice after oral administration", Toxicol Lett, 168(2), pp.176~185 (2007)
- Ferin J, "Biological effects and toxicity assessment of titanium dioxides: Anatase and rutile", Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 46(2), pp.69~72 (1985)
- Fedulov AV, "Pulmonary exposure to particles during pregnancy causes increased neonatal asthma susceptibility", Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 38(1), pp.57~67 (2008)
- Warheit DB, "Characterization and reclassification of TiO2-related pulmonary lesions", J. Occup. Env. Med, 48, pp.1308~1313 (2006)
- Lee KP, "Pulmonary response or rats exposed to titanium dioxide by inhalation for two years", Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 79(2), pp.179~192 (1985)
- Bermudez E, "Long-term pulmonary responses of three laboratory rodent species to subchronic inhalation of pigmentary titanium dioxide particles", Toxicol Sci, 70(1), pp.86~97 (2002)
- Shelby MD, "Comparison of results from mouse bone marrow chromosome aberration and micronucleus tests", Environ Mol Mutagen, 25(4), pp.302~313 (1995)
- Lu PJ, "Induction of sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei by titanium dioxide in Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells", Mutat Res, 414(1), pp.15~20 (1998)
- Driscoll KE, "Effects of particle exposure and particle-elicited inflammatory cells on mutation in rat alveolar epithelial cells", Carcinogenesis, 18(2), pp.423~430 (1997)
- Turkez H, "An in vitro blood culture for evaluating the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide: the responses of antioxidant enzymes", Toxicol Ind Health, 23(1), pp.19~23 (2007)
- IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), "IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Volume 93, Carbon Black, Titanium Dioxide, and Talc", ~ (2010)
- Stamper, JW, "Titanium. In : Mineral facts and problems, Washington, DC, United States Department of Interior, pp", pp.773~794 (1970)
- "Titanium dioxide" (2011)[URL]
- Shevtova VM, "Data on the effect of titanium and zirconium ore dust on workers and on animaIs in chronic expriments (Russ)", Gig. Tr. Prot. Zabol, 12, pp.24~29 (1968)
- Lee KP, "Inhalation toxicity study on rats exposed to titanium tetrachloride atmospheric hydrolysis products for two years", Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 83(1), pp.30~45 (1986)
- Fryzek JP, "A cohort mortality study among titanium dioxide manufacturing workers in the United States", J Occup Environ Med, 458(4), pp.400~409 (2003)
- Boffetta P, "Mortality among workers employed in the titanium dioxide production industry in Europe", Cancer Causes Control, 15(7), pp.697~706 (2004)
- Hext PM, "Titanium Dioxide : Inhalatoin toxicity and epidemiology", Ann. Pccup. Hyg, 49(6), pp.461~472 (2005)
- Yamadori I, "Titanium dioxide deposition and adenocarcinoma of the lung", Acta Pathol. Jpn, 36(5), pp.783~790 (1986)