동·서양의 ‘영(靈)’과 영성(靈性)의 비교 종교학적 고찰 - 율곡(栗谷)과 다산(茶山)의 영혼론을 중심으로

Abstract

The human ‘Soul’ in Western philosophy and Christian theology is an internal, essential, and spiritual meaning that contradicts the material and desire character of the body. In addition, this soul is “Real” inside human beings, which is the essence of human beings and eternal, and a transcendental object that is immortal even after leaving the body. ‘Immortality of soul Theory’ was established as a Spiritual/Physical dualistic structure in Christian thought and neo-Platonic’s Gnosticism such as Plotinos based on Plato's human theory based on ideology. In contrast, the concept of ‘Spirit’ in traditional East Asian culture and ideas has the meaning of ‘capability’ or ‘action’ of human nature, not the essential concept of humans. In addition, there are East Asian concepts that can be compared to Plato's “Soul” including “Nature” “Ghost” and “God”, but unlike Plato’s “Soul”, this also does not have an eternal substance. When analyzing Plato’s ‘soul’ from the perspective of East Asia’s ‘The Theory of Ti-Yong’, it represents the meaning of ‘body,’ but ‘Nature’, ‘Ghost’, and ‘God’ represent the meaning of ‘action’. In addition, Yul Gok and Zhu Xi denied eternity and immortality, considering the Phsical nature, Ghost, and God as gathered and scattered. On the other hand, in the case of Da San, who attempted to negotiate with Christian ideas, based on Mencius's ideas, the “spirit of spirit” that can be compared to Plato's “spirit” was presented in the human body.