한나 아렌트와 세계시민주의 재고: ‘권리를 가질 권리’ 개념을 중심으로
Hannah Arendt and Cosmopolitanism Reconsidered: Focusing on the concept of “right to have rights”
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‘유럽의 유럽화(Europeanisation of Europe)’를 기치로 최근 유럽학계에서는 세계시민주의를 계몽주의적 가치를 부활시키는 것과 동일시하는 경향이 있다. 하버마스와 데리다가 그 대표주자이다. 이들에게 세계시민주의는 어디까지나 유럽과 유럽인을 위한 세계시민주의를 의미하는 데 그치기 때문에 불행히도 ‘지역주의’의 한계를 벗어나지 못한다. 이들의 유일한 목표는 ‘세계시민적 유럽’을 재구성해 ‘유럽의 르네상스’를 도모하는 데 있다. 그런데 아렌트는 ‘홀로코스트의 재앙’이 곧 유럽의 계몽주의가 인권을 보호하지 못한 단적인 예라고 비판하면서 유대인에게 계몽주의는 삶의 희망을 앗아간 준-인종적 사상이자 인권 상실의 상징이라고 단언하기에 이른다. 여기서 우리는 우리가 입에 발린 듯 운운하는 인권, 자유, 평등, 민주주의, 계몽주의, 세계시민주의와 같은 이념들이 얼마나 배타적이고 모난 정치적 수사에 불과한지를 새삼 되돌아보게 된다. 아렌트가 ‘권리를 가질 권리(right to have rights)’ 개념을 통해 ‘인권’의 문제를 근본적으로 재고찰한 이유가 여기에 있다. 히틀러 치하의 유대인처럼 국권도 인권도 상실한 채 자신의 권리를 요구할 아무런 권한이나 권리를 가지고 있지 않은 자에게 권리를 부여하는 것, 즉 ‘권리를 가질 권리’의 핵심이 바로 여기에 있다. 아렌트의 세계시민주의에 대한 구상도 같은 ‘권리를 가질 권리’와 같은 뿌리에서 출발한다. 이러한 연구 관점에 준해 제2장에서는 계몽주의적 이성, 보편주의, 세계화의 탈을 쓴 작금의 세계시민주의 논의가 노정한 허상에 대해 비판해 볼 것이다. 그리고 이어서 아렌트 고유의 세계시민주의적 이상(理想)을 ‘권리를 가질 권리’ 개념을 집중적으로 분석함으로써 세계시민주의가 나아가야 할 방향에 대해 성찰하는 기회를 가져볼 계획이다. 제3장 결론에서는 오늘 우리에게 필요한 것은 더 이상 “‘이즘’으로써 세계시민주의”가 아니라 “실제적 세계시민주의”라는 점을 함께 고민해 보고자 하며, 비유럽권의 관점에서 평가할 때 아렌트의 세계시민주의적 이상마저도 ‘계몽주의적 플롯’에 갇혀있을 수 있다는 점을 되짚어 보는 시간을 가질까 한다.
Abstract
Under the banner of the “Europeanization of Europe”, recent European academic circles have tended to equate cosmopolitanism with the revival Enlightenment values. This tendency can be seen in J. Habermas and J. Derrida as representative scholars. For them, cosmopolitanism cannot escape regionalism in the sense that the latter translates into cosmopolitanism for Europe and Europeans. Their only goal was to promote a European Renaissance by reconstructing a cosmopolitan Europe. However, H. Arendt criticized the catastrophe of the Holocaust as a clear example of the European Enlightenment’s failure to protect human rights and went so far as to assert that for Jews, the Enlightenment was a quasi-racial ideology that took away hope for life and a symbol of the loss of human rights. Here, we reflect on the exclusivity and mediocriy of the ideologies that people discuss, such as human rights, freedom, equality, democracy, enlightenment, and cosmopolitanism, and reveal them as nothing more than political rhetoric. This is why Arendt fundamentally reconsidered the issue of human rights through the concept of “the right to have rights”, whose core is as follows: granting rights to those who, similar to the Jews under Hitler, have lost national sovereignty and human rights and have no power or authority to demand their rights. Arendt's concepttion of cosmopolitanism also originates from these roots. Based on the abovementioned perspective, we criticize the illusions exposed by the current discussion of cosmopolitanism under the guise of enlightenment, universalism, and globalization. We also take the opportunity to reflect on the direction in which cosmopolitanism should move by analyzing Arendt's idea of appropriate cosmopolitanism, focusing on the concept of “the right to have rights.” Finally, we argue that what we need today is no longer cosmopolitanism as an -ism, but a real (practical) cosmopolitanism. When evaluated from the perspective of non-European countries, Arendt’s cosmopolitan ideals indicate that cosmopolitanism cannot escape the criticism that is trapped in the Enlightenment plot.
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