일본 명치기 “古器舊物” 보호책과 인류·고고학의 초창기적 개념

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate what the Japanese archaeological concepts and methods before 1910 as the premise for studying the archaeological characteristics performed in the Occupied Areas by Japan. From 11th century to 13th century the imperial tombs encountered illegal excavations in Japanese society and even the religious tale, which if anyone does the harm to them should be done to him or her, spreaded out among people. And it has been said that the stone tools and shell mounds around were generally regarded as the results from natural phenomenon. However, after the Edo(江戶) period the study on nation with the appearance of the thinking about ancient history began, and as the modern transportation developed, the research on regions became active. Also, based on the researching results on tombs, shell mounds, stone tools, bronze tools, stone monuments, and so on, catalogues and illustrative books with photos and their contents were published. The Meiji government took the policies on the Restoration to Ancient times, and in 1874 enacted the law prohibiting the excavation of tombs which might be regarded as those of the imperials. Faced with the serious protests from people, the Japanese government had no choice to give up the policies concerning the proclamation that the Buddhism should be separated into the Shinto. The abandonment of the separating policy brought the chance that the Japanese cultural properties must be preserved. As the result of it, it became recognized that the cultural properties are not private things but the public ones. According to the Law concerning the Preservation of Ancient Shrines and Temples was enacted in 1897, and to the Law on the Lost Cultural Properties became in 1899, if anyone discovers artifacts related with tombs, s/he is required to report it to Imperial Household Agency. Also if anyone finds ancient materials concerning the Stone Ages, s/he must notify it to Imperial Tokyo University. The Meiji Government hired the foreigners such as Ernest Satow, H. V. Siebold, John Milne, Edward Sylvester Morse, and William Gowland who were educated for the rivalry investigation and excavation on the historic places related with the national origins of European countries. The hired foreigners investigated the cultural materials in Japan and translated “archaeology” into “koukogak[考古學]”, which became common terms among people. In 1882, the School of Anthropology of Imperial Tokyo University was founded. After 1885, when Japan won the War against China, the researchers of the School of Anthropology were dispatched to Taiwan and so on. Also, the Academic Association of Archaeology in Japan was established in 1894. Nevertheless, the concepts and methods including even what archaeology should be were still being discussed among scholars. The researchers of the School of Anthropology in Tokyo Imperial University and the professors of the University under such situations came to Joseon (Korea) as occupied by Japan at that time, and did investigation and excavation on the historic remains and cultural materials. The “colonial archaeology” just began in Joseon.