고대 단야공정의 실험고고학적 연구

Abstract

This paper organized the concepts about the process of big smithies for ancient iron-making(purifying-smithing and tempering-smithing) that have been rarely discussed, and reviewed the applicable furnaces among the iron-making furnaces researched in the archeological sites. In addition, the study restored the structure of purifying-smithing furnaces based on the furnace No. 2-2 in the remains in 537-2 Hwangseong-dong, Gyeongju and the furnace No. C-27 in the Geumgok iron-making site in Milyang, and the structure of tempering-smithing furnaces based on the furnaces of No. B-2 and 11 in Geumgok, Milyang, which all remain in a relatively good condition. The purifying-smithing furnace was in the semi-underground type with an oval or obtuse-angled square shaped floor plan and got narrower upwardly. The furnace had small diameter blastpipes symmetrically on each side to provide strong wind, and small board hand-bellows were assumed. However, there were differences between the furnaces in two historic sites. While the tapping hole and smithing workplace were installed and iron slag with high iron content was deposited on the furnace wall in one site, such facilities were not installed and little iron was contained in iron slag in the other site. The differences were interpreted as the distinctions in the operation methods depending on the materials. It was inferred that the first was based on the material of miscellaneous iron of low carbon bloomery iron and the latter is based on the material of high carbon pig iron or combined iron of pig iron and bloomery iron. Tempering-smithing furnace was in the semi-ground type where more than a half of the body of the furnace was installed on the ground with a circular floor plan. The furnace was restored in the structure that went upward slightly widely in the bottom part, which was comprised of walls of the pit under the furnace, and went up straightly from the middle part. It featured small gravels which were spread on the surface of the floor of the furnace. Since a significant amount of iron was deposited on the gravel side on the surface of the floor of such furnace, which was identified in the Imcheon-ri site in Milyang, it had a decisive impact on deciding whether the furnace had the tempering-smithing function.