동아시아 해금정책의 변화와 해양 경계에서의 분쟁

Abstract

The policy of maritime trade prohibiton is the one laying emphasis on politics and national defense pursuing the maritime defense or establishment of the order against Chinese barbarians, and it is considered to have a certain significance at the time of national foundation for a dynasty to establish a new order. The Chinese coastal area at the time of late Yüan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty was in a confused state that the ruling of Ming Dynasty was not established thoroughly and Chinese barbarians were mixed together, but the maritime trade prohibiton provided a certain help to building of a new order for coastal area and contributed to construction of investiture system that complemented the tributary trade or reinforcement of domestic economic system after private trade was stopped. In early Ching Dynasty, too, the maritime trade prohibiton contributed to weakening the Jeong, Seong-Gong regime to a certain degree. However, the maritime trade prohibiton was a policy not being a help for national economy by hindering the economic development of coastal area and controlling the trade. Due to that, when a new order entered a stabilized period, the maritime trade prohibiton caused a repulsion and became a factor of social destabilization. Because of this, the maritime trade prohibiton becomes relaxed gradually and varies in Ming & Ching Dynasties. The policy of maritime trade prohibiton in Ming Dynasty becomes relaxed since Emperor Yongle and the tributary system also becomes negative. In that sense, the relationship of investiture or tribute between Ming Dynasty and Japan shows the phase of changing equally like that. That is, the sincere relationship of investiture between Emperor Yongle and Ashikaga Yoshimitsu declines since Emperor Xuāndé and the substantial relationship of investiture through dispatch of investiture envoy is omitted. The tributary relationship also fades away in its political aspect due to the fact that it was dominated by Ohwoochissi, etc. powerful family forces, not by Muromachi Shogunate, central government. The relaxation of policy of maritime trade prohibition in Ming & Ching Dynasties brought about the result that the Chinese appeared frequently and caused disturbances on the West Sea Coast of Joseon Dynasty. These Chinese coming on board a ship called ‘A strange-shaped ship’ would appear in hundreds of flocks by fleet of hundreds of ships, do the fishing, commit the plundering, beat and stab the Joseon public officials trying to seizure them with knives, and run away just like Japanese pirates in late Koryo and early Joseon Dynasties. However, because these were ‘people of a superior country to which Joseon pays tribute’, Joseon kept on taking the negative measure consistently, only dispelling these people by threatening with firearms rather than Joseon took the positive measure of seizure and sending them in custody to China.