개항기 조선에서 근대적 위생문화의 수용
The dissemination of medical knowledge and the transformation of “hygienic culture” and its relation to “modernity” in Korea
0
조회
0
다운로드
16
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 논문은 개항기 조선에서 의학적 지식의 보급과 위생 개념의 변화를 통해 근대성의 수용과 위생문화의 보급을 고찰하기 위함이다. 전염병은 역사 속에서 단순한 질병이 아니라 사회 문화적인 현상이었다. 본 논문에서는 근대성을 막연한 두려움에서 전염병을 통제의 대상으로 여기고 위생의 제도화의 과정에서 합리적인 “의사소통 행위”의 과정을 거치게 되는 과정에 주목했다. 또한 합리적인 의사소통 행위(정부기관의 대응, 신문보도)를 통해 사람들의 전염병에 대한 지식을 수용하고 정형화된 일정한 양식을 형성하며 그 양식이 문화의 형태로 정착하게 되는 과정을 살펴보았다. 조선의 근대성의 문제를 근대적인 의학적 지식과 인식의 보급을 근대성의 수용이라는 관점에서 접근하려고 했다.
Abstract
This paper examines the ways in which Koreans acquired a sense of hygienic modernity in comparison to cases in Europe and Japan. In particular, by evaluating the use of key terms (e.g. sanitation, prevention, and public health) in Korean governmental documents and newspapers, it investigates the different responses received by Koreans to epidemics before and after they embraced the “modern” hygienic culture during the nineteenth century. In order to investigate the relations between the rise of hygienic culture and the advent of modernity in Korea, it employs Jürgen Harbermas’s theory of modernity: in particular, the principle of self-consciousness or subjectivity, according to which the use of scientific terms and concepts by government and the public is achieved through “modern” rationality and mediated by “linguistical interaction” and “communicative action.” Also, in order to analyze the transformative process from pre-modern conceptions on epidemics and diseases to the modern concept of hygiene, it uses Foucault’s theory of medical language, according to which the emergence of positive, empirical medical terms, equipped with the concept of modern rationality, has replaced the traditional perception on epidemics and diseases as the punishment from god. In Europe, prior to the development of germ theory, epidemics were considered as “metaphysic of evil” or the work of sorcerers or gods, so both European governments and public endeavored to overcome epidemics through religious rituals and prayers. However, the scientific discovery of germs as the main causes of epidemics in the nineteenth century shifted the public perception on epidemic itself: Epidemics were no longer seen as ‘unknown or dreadful threats’ but ‘preventable’ diseases. Accordingly, ‘positive’ medical terms such as germs, public health, prevention emerged to describe the phenomena with modern rationality. Japan followed a similar pattern to Europe. Before the introduction of hygienic modernity, the Japanese felt as powerless towards epidemics as the Westerners had been before the discovery of bacteria: for example, the emperors in ancient Japan sought to find a solution to epidemics through religious means (e.g. Buddhist prayers and rituals). However, western medical knowledge was introduced to Japan through Dutch Learning (Rankaku) as early as the eighteenth century, and the transfer of medical knowledge intensified after bacterialogy and germ theory were developed in the West during the nineteenth century. In the process, hygienic modernity (Gesundheitpflege) was translated into eisei (えいせい, 衛生) and the department of medical affairs was established as a governmental bureau. Nevertheless, the ways in which Japan embraced hygienic modernity were slightly different from those in the West in that hygiene (eisei) was combined with traditional, dietary regimen (yōjō, 養生). In Korea, since hygienic modernity was introduced through the Japanese, the trajectory of its development was not so much different from that of Japan. The term, ‘hygienic modernity’ was translated into wisaeng (위생, 衛生) in Korean, an adoption from the Japanese expression, eisei (えいせい, 衛生), and the term began to appear in Korean governmental documents and newspapers from the late nineteenth century. Moreover, other related terms, such as prevention, public health, cleanness, began to be used in similar contexts: in particular, governmental documents and newspapers in Korea constantly used these medical terms in order to define the causes of epidemics and to teach preventive and remedial measures to the Korean public. As in the Japanese case, hygiene was understood by the public, based on the traditional medical knowledge, dietary regimen (yangsaeng 養生). All the three cases in Europe, Japan and Korea illustrate that the introduction of bacterialogy and germ theory has transformed the perception on epidemics, thus resulting in more effective responses to their outbreaks both by the governments as well as the general public. The key to this process was the spread of modern medical knowledge, which also gave rise to the advent of ‘hygienic modernity’ as a unique cultural phenomenon.
참고문헌 (55)
- "고려사", ~
- "각사등록", ~
- "조선왕조실록", ~
- "대한매일신보", ~
- "독립신문", ~
- "한성순보", ~
- "황성신문", ~
- 조선총독부, "조선위생풍습록(朝鮮衛生風習錄)" (2013), 민속원
- 金詳益, "東洋醫學과 生命", 정신개벽, 13, pp.231~245 (1994)
- 김영미, "전염병의 문화사: 고려시대를 보는 또 하나의 시선" (2010), 혜안
- 류교열, "고베(神戶)의 문명도시구상과 국제전염병: 콜레라 유행에 따른 고통의 ‘근대화’ 체험", 역사문화학회 학술대회 발표자료집, pp.15~35 (2004), 역사문화학회
- 박윤재, "양생에서 위생으로 - 개화파의 의힉론과 근대 국가 건설", 사회와역사(구 한국사회사학회논문집), (63), pp.2~50 (2003), 한국사회사학회
- 박윤재, "한국근대의학의 기원" (2005), 혜안
- 박형우, "사람을 구하는집, 제중원: 조선 새로운 의학을 만나다" (2010), 사이언스 북스
- 분쉬, 리하르트, "고종의 독일인 의사 분쉬" (1999), 학고재
- 신동원, "호열자, 조선을 습격하다 : 몸과 의학의 한국사" (2004), 역사비평사
- 신동원, "한국근대보건의료사" (1997), 한울
- 이정숙, "전염병의 문화사-고려시대를 보는 또 하나의 시선" (2010), 혜안
- 이주영, "19세기 疫病 체험의 문학적 형상", 동악어문학, (55), pp.39~68 (2010), 동악어문학회
- 이종찬, "메이지 일본에서 근대적 위생의 형성 과정, 1868-1905", 의사학, 12(1), pp.3~53 (2003), 대한의사학회
- 이현숙, "전염병의 문화사-고려시대를 보는 또 하나의 시선" (2010), 혜안
- 올리버 R. 에비슨, "올리버 R. 에비슨이 지켜본 근대 한국 42년 (1893-1935), 상권", 청년의사
- 한지원, "1910년대 『朝鮮衛生風習錄』에 나타난 식민지 위생조사와 의료민속 실태", 역사민속학, (39), pp.133~174 (2012), 한국역사민속학회[DOI]
- 황상익, "근대 의료의 풍경" (2013), 푸른역사
- 菊池万雄, "日本の歴史災害" (1986), 古今書院
- Alcabes, Philip, "Dread: How Fear and Fantasy Have Fueled Epidemics from the Black Death to Avian Flu" (2009), Public Affairs
- Arnold, David, "Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India" (1993), University of California Press
- Avison, Oliver R., "Cholera in Seoul", The Korean Repository, 3, pp.339~344 (1895)
- Bowers, John Z., "Medical Education in Japan: From Chinese Medicine to Western Medicine" (1965), Harper and Row
- Bürgel, Christoph J., "Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study" (1976), University of California Press
- Cartwright, Frederick F., "Disease & History" (1972), Sutton Publishing
- Cohn, Samuel K., Jr., "Culture of Plague: Medical thinking at the end of the Renaissance" (2010), Oxford University Press
- Duffin, Jacalyn, "History of Medicine: A Scandalously Short Introduction", pp.1999
- Farris, William W., "Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan", pp.645~900 (1995), Harvard University Press
- Foucault, Michel, "The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception" (1973), Routledge
- Fukuda, Mahito H., "The History of Public Health and the Modern State" (1994), Rodopi
- Griffis, William E., "A Modern Pioneer in Korea: The Life Story of Henry G. Appenzeller" (1912), Fleming H. Revell Company
- Griffis, William E., "Corea, the Hermit Nation" (1894), Charles Scribner’s Sons
- Habermas, Jürgen, "The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity: Twelve Lectures" (1985), Polity Press
- Habermas, Jürgen, "The Theory of Communicative Action vol. 1: Reason and the Rationalization of Society" (1984), Beacon Press
- Habermas, Jürgen, "The Theory of Communicative Action vol. 2: Lifeworld and system: A Critique of Functionalist Reason" (1987), Beacon Press
- Hays, J.N., "Epidemics and Pandemics: their impacts on human history" (2005), ABC Clio
- Jannetta, Ann B., "Epidemics and Mortality in Early Modern Japan" (1987), Princeton University Press
- Johnston, William, "The Modern Epidemic: A History of Tuberculosis in Japan", Harverd University Press
- Kang, Sungwoo, "Colonizing the Port City Pusan in Korea: A study of the process of Japanese domination in the urban space of Pusan during the open-port period (1876-1910)", PhD, pp.2012
- Karlen, Arno, "Man and Microbes: Disease and Plagues in History and Modern Times" (1995), G. P. Putnam’s
- Levack, Brian P., "The Witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe" (1987), Longman
- Lowell, Percival, "Chosǒn: The Land Of the Morning Calm" (1886), Ticknor and Company
- McNeill, William H., "Plagues and People" (1975), Anchor Books
- Otori, Ranzaburo, "The Acceptance of Western Medicine in Japan", Monumenta Nipponica, 19(3, pp.4) (1964), 254~274
- Rosenberg, Charles. E., "Cholera in nineteenth-century Europe: A tool for social and economic analysis", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 8, pp.452~463 (1966)
- Rogaski, Ruth, "Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port China" (2004), University of California Press
- Suzuki, Akihito, "The Development of Modern Medicine in Non-Western Countries: Historical Perspective" (2009), Routledge
- Trostle, James A., "Epidemioogy and Culture" (2005), Cambridge University Press
- Underwood, Lillas H., "Fifteen years among the top-knots, or , Life in Korea" (1904), American Tract Society