한국기업의 특수관계인 거래와 공매도의 규율효과
The Disciplinary Effects of Short Selling on Related Party Transactions: Evidence from Korea
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본 연구는 한국기업에서 공매도가 특수관계인 거래에 규율효과를 갖는지를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 먼저, 특수관계인 거래(장기공급계약, 자산․영업 양수도, 대여금, 지분출자, 채무보증 및 담보제공)가 기업가치에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 특수관계인 거래의 목적을 확인하였다. 그리고 이들 특수관계인 거래 중에서 지배주주의 사적 이익 추구 목적으로 이루어지는 특수관계인 거래에 대해 공매도가 규율효과를 갖는가를 확인하였다. 연구 기간은 2004년부터 2022년까지이며, 표본기업은 한국거래소 유가증권시장과 코스닥시장에 상장된 비금융업종 총 32,459개(기업-연도)이다. 패널자료회귀분석법을 분석방법으로 사용하였다. 실증분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한국기업에서 자산 및 영업 양수도와 대여금 형태의 특수관계인 거래는 기업가치에 부정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 즉 한국기업에서 자산 및 영업 양수도와 대여금 형태의 특수관계인 거래는 지배주주의 사적 이익 추구 목적으로 활용되는 것으로 이해할 수 있었다. 둘째, 기업에 대한 공매도가 증가하면 지배주주가 사적 이익 추구 목적으로 활용하는 자산 및 영업 양수도와 대여금 형태의 특수관계인 거래가 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 공매도가 지배주주에 의해 이루어지는 사적 이익 추구 목적의 특수관계인 거래 행위를 제어하는 규율효과를 갖는 것으로 이해할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과에서 공매도는 지배주주와 경영진을 감시하고 견제하는 기업 외부 지배구조 메커니즘의 역할을 한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 지배주주의 사적 이익 추구 목적의 특수관계인 거래를 감소시키는 규율효과를 통해 기업가치에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다.
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed whether short selling has a disciplinary effect on related party transactions (long-term supply contracts, asset and business transfers, loans, equity contributions, debt guarantees and collateral provision) in Korean companies. The study period is from 2004 to 2022, and the sample is a total of 32,459 companies (company-year) in the listed on the Korea Exchange. The results of the empirical analysis are as follows. First, we found that related party transactions involving asset and business transfers, as well as loans, in Korean companies have a negative effect on corporate value. In other words, it can be understood that related party transactions involving asset and business transfers and loans are used to pursue private benefits for controlling shareholders. Second, it was confirmed that when short selling of a company increases, related party transactions involving asset and business transfers and loans, which are used to pursue private benefits for controlling shareholders, decrease. It can be understood that short selling has a disciplinary effect that controls related party transactions conducted by controlling shareholders for the purpose of pursuing private benefits.
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